基于性别比较的北京城市居民活动的时空弹性研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201712007

Abstract

Abstract:

During the social and economic transition process, the urban structure of China's cities has changed dramatically and residents' behavior has become more complicated. Against this background, the space-time behavior approach has become an important perspective through which to understand urban space in China. Space-time fixity and flexibility have been recognized as important concepts in transportation, human geography and feminist geography, as they reflect the space-time constraints and opportunities of people and influence their access and mobility in important ways, but the direct empirical studies to date are far from sufficient. Gender differentiation is a key issue and an important perspective in urban studies. Many studies of Western countries have found that women experience more fixity constraints than men, which leads to lower accessibility to job opportunities. However, gender differences of space-time fixity and flexibility in China, where the different institutional, social, economic and cultural background might lead to different results, are still not clear.

This paper takes temporal and spatial flexibilities as the objects of research, and examines how individual, household and activity attributes impact them from a gender differentiation perspective. Activity-travel diaries and 7-day GPS tracking data of 709 respondents in the Shangdi-Qinghe area of Beijing from a 2012 activity-travel survey are used, and temporal and spatial flexibilities are measured with the respondents' self-reported information. Firstly, we analyze the flexibility levels of individuals' activities by activity type and gender using descriptive statistics. Then, ordered logit models are used to investigate the relationships between space-time flexibility and attributes of individual, household and activity, and how these relationships vary between males and females.

The results show that temporal and spatial flexibility levels vary significantly among different activities, individuals and households, with activity type being a key factor. Chinese females do not perceive significantly stronger fixity constraints than males, as existing empirical studies of Western countries found. In fact, the activities of females are more flexible in China, which reflects different divisions of responsibilities and conceptions of intergenerational assistance in Chinese households. The relationship between temporal flexibility and spatial flexibility is quite complex, and the interaction of the two dimensions of flexibility and its impacts on space-time accessibility needs more attention. This study of space-time flexibility reflects the complexity and potential characteristics of residents' behavior, and helps us get a better understanding of the mechanism of people's decision-making and cities’ operation. It also provides empirical evidence for relevant planning and policy making.

Key words: space-time constraints, space-time flexibility, gender differences, behavioral space, Beijing

Yue SHEN, Yanwei CHAI. Space-time flexibility of daily activities and gender differences: A case study of Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12): 2214-2225.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

References 32

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变量		男性	女性	合计	ANOVA(F值)
样本量	N	331	378	709
年龄	均值	35.07	34.20	34.61	1.623
户籍状况	北京户口	70.09	71.16	70.66	0.098
受教育程度	高中及以下(%)	16.92	13.49	15.09	0.008
	大专或本科(%)	67.07	73.55	70.52
	研究生(%)	16.01	12.96	14.39
就业状况	全职(%)	89.43	89.15	89.28	0.096
就业状况	非全职(%)	10.57	10.85	10.72	0.096
收入水平(元/月)	2000及以下(%)	12.99	18.26	15.80	22.065^***
	2001~4000(%)	33.53	46.56	40.48
	4001~6000(%)	23.87	21.16	22.42
	6000以上(%)	29.61	14.02	21.30
工作时间(h)	均值	8.05	7.57	7.80	9.744^***
职住距离(km)	均值	8.33	7.94	8.12	0.334

活动类型	时间弹性					空间弹性
活动类型	总体		女性	男性	ANOVA	总体	女性	男性	ANOVA
样本量	26261	14706	11555			26189	14662	11527
个人事务	-0.176	-0.145	-0.215	7.751^***		-0.904	-0.900	-0.908	0.107
家务	-0.002	0.054	-0.100	9.554^***		-1.096	-1.057	-1.165	5.618^**
工作	-1.149	-1.168	-1.127	1.900		-1.474	-1.484	-1.463	0.785
购物	0.427	0.459	0.365	0.849		0.166	0.188	0.120	0.377
休闲	0.362	0.394	0.325	2.669		-0.677	-0.683	-0.670	0.084
社交	0.388	0.482	0.289	10.510^***		-0.805	-0.824	-0.785	0.347
总体	-0.215	-0.175	-0.266	28.796^***		-0.977	-0.967	-0.990	2.163

变量类型	变量	时间弹性	空间弹性	变量类型	变量	时间弹性	空间弹性
个人属性	女性	0.043^*	0.069^**	活动特征	开始时间	0.044^***	0.007^**
	年龄	0.018^***	-0.002		持续时长	-0.026^***	-0.019^*
	户口	-0.187^***	-0.137^***		周末	0.437^***	0.032
	教育程度	0.158^***	0.049^***		同伴	-0.241^***	0.094^***
	全职就业	-0.066	-0.530^***		ICT利用	0.083^**	0.030
	低收入(< 2000元)	0.174^***	0.138^***	活动特征交互项	女性*开始时间	-0.008^***	0.002
	高收入(> 6000元)	-0.349^***	-0.117^**		女性*持续时长	0.014^*	0.029^***
	职住距离	-0.005^**	-0.002		女性*周末	0.009	0.014
个人属性交互项	女性*年龄	0.006^***	0.013^***		女性*同伴	-0.093^***	-0.059^**
	女性*户口	0.209^***	0.236^***	女性*ICT利用		-0.030	-0.061
	女性*教育程度	-0.159^***	-0.007	活动类型	家务	0.162^***	-0.214^***
	女性*全职	0.294^***	0.047		工作	-0.934^***	-0.508^***
	女性*低收入	-0.271^***	-0.186^***		购物	0.738^***	1.577^***
	女性*高收入	-0.257^***	-0.353^***		休闲	0.663^***	0.371^***
	女性*职住距离	-0.007^***	-0.019^***		社交活动	0.446^***	0.035
					其他	0.335^***	0.075
家庭属性	有儿童	0.004	-0.209^***	活动类型交互项	女性*个人事务	0.537^***	-0.706^***
	有老人	0.290^***	0.108^***		女性*家务	0.542^***	-0.707^***
	有私家车	0.321^***	0.100^***		女性*工作	0.435^**	-1.009^***
家庭属性交互项	女性*有儿童	0.029	0.114^**		女性*购物	0.447^**	-0.853^***
	女性*有老人	-0.071^**	0.143^**	女性*休闲		0.663^***	-0.600^***
	女性*私家车	0.015	0.114^***	女性*社交		0.592^***	-0.529^***
				女性*其他		0.665^***	-0.617^***

Space-time flexibility of daily activities and gender differences: A case study of Beijing

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