开封古城不同朝代文化层重金属积累与污染分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201705010

Abstract

Abstract:

Several dynasty palaces in Kaifeng City were buried by flood sediments of the Yellow River, forming the unique spectacle of city overlapping city, which were taken as excellent and rare samples to assess heavy metal enrichment and pollution of historical cultural layers. Three sedimentary cores with a length of 25 m were drilled in April, 2012, of which two were located in the urban area of Kaifeng City (ZKsz and ZKyz), and the other one was located in the western suburbs of the city (ZKjm). Each core was split into 10 cm intervals mostly, for a total of 657 soil samples. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Co in samples were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), while Hg and As were analyzed with Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS). The dating frameworks of all the cultural layers in different dynasties were established according to AMS¹⁴C dates, archaeological explorations and historical documents. The results showed that six cultural layers were found in all the three sedimentary cores, including the Warring States, Song-Jin Dynasty, early Ming Dynasty, mid-Ming Dynasty, late Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated to assess the enrichment of heavy metals in cultural layers. Enrichment of most heavy metals occurred in the cultural layers, and Hg contributed to the highest enrichment level. Enrichment levels of Hg in the cultural layers of the two urban cores (ZKsz and ZKyz) before the early Ming Dynasty were from significant to extremely high. Pollution load index (PLI) was used to identify pollution levels of heavy metals in cultural layers. Most cultural layers showed slight to moderate pollution, while Song-Jin cultural layers of the two urban cores were considered as moderate pollution. Mercury was the main pollutant of the two urban cores while Cu, Pb and Zn had minor effects on the pollution, due to the wide use of cinnabar with high Hg contents in the history. As for the cultural layers of ZKjm core, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb made more contributions to the pollution. The results also showed the positive linear relationships between metal PLI of cultural layers and their corresponding population densities. The decreasing PLI values from the early Ming to late Ming Dynasty were influenced probably by the frequent floods of the Yellow River.

Key words: Kaifeng City, cultural layer, heavy metal, enrichment factor, pollution assessment

Yanfang CHEN, Jianhua MA, Dexin LIU, Lei GU. Heavy metal enrichment and pollution of historical cultural layers in Kaifeng City, Henan Province[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(5): 892-905.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Tab. 3

Fig. 7

References 45

[1]	Hong S, Candelone J, Patterson C C.History of ancient copper smelting pollution during Roman and Medieval Times recorded in Greenland ice. Science, 1996, 272(5259): 246-249. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5259.246
[2]	Leyden B W, Brenner M, Dahlin B H.Cultural and climatic history of Coba´, a lowland Maya City in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Quaternary Research, 1998, 49(49): 111-122. doi: 10.1006/qres.1997.1941
[3]	Alexandrovskaya E I, Alexandrovskiy A L.History of the cultural layer in Moscow and accumulation of anthropogenic substances in it. Catena, 2000, 41(1-3): 249-259. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00107-7
[4]	Wu Li, Wang Xinyuan, Mo Duowen, et al.Elemental geochemistry of the Lingjiatan site in Hanshan east Chaohu Basin. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2015, 39(4): 443-453.
	[吴立, 王心源, 莫多闻, 等. 巢湖东部含山凌家滩遗址地层元素地球化学特征研究. 地层学杂志, 2015, 39(4): 443-453.]
[5]	Yang Fenggen, Zhang Ganlin, Gong Zitong, et al.Distribution of heavy metals in cultural layers of urban soils in Nanjing. Quaternary Sciences, 2004, 24(2): 203-212.
	[杨凤根, 张甘霖, 龚子同, 等. 南京市历史文化层中土壤重金属元素的分布规律初探. 第四纪研究, 2004, 24(2): 203-212.]
[6]	Wilson C A, Davidson D A, Cresser M S.Multi-element soil analysis: An assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2008, 35(2): 412-424. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.04.006
[7]	Tian Xiaosi, Zhu Cheng, Shui Tao, et al.An evaluation of heavy metal pollution within historic cultural strata at Liangwangcheng site in the north of Jiangsu Province. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2013, 44(5): 1253-1258.
	[田晓四, 朱诚, 水涛, 等. 苏北梁王城遗址文化层重金属污染评价. 土壤通报, 2013, 44(5): 1253-1258.]
[8]	Wu Kening, Wang Wenjing, Zha Lisi, et al.Review of paleosol and paleoenvironment in ancient cultural sites. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(6): 1169-1182.
	[吴克宁, 王文静, 查理思, 等. 文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展. 土壤学报, 2014, 51(6): 1169-1182.]
[9]	Shu Qiang, Zhao Zhijun, Chen Ye, et al.Palaeoenvironmental significance of geochemistry elements and grain size of DS core sediments in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(6): 923-928.
	[舒强, 赵志军, 陈晔, 等. 江苏兴化DS浅孔沉积物地球化学元素与粒度所揭示的古环境意义. 地理科学, 2009, 29(6): 923-928.]
[10]	Liu Chunying.Uncovering Ancient Cities Built in Different Dynasties under Kaifeng City. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.
	[刘春迎.揭秘开封城下城. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.]
[11]	Ma Jianhua, Gu Lei, Wu Pengfei, et al.Flood Records in Alluvial Stratum by the Yellow River and Its Disaster Inversion in Kaifeng City. Beijing: Science Press, 2016.
	[马建华, 谷蕾, 吴朋飞, 等.开封古城黄泛地层洪水记录及洪灾度反演. 北京: 科学出版社. 2016.]
[12]	Li Xuemei.Repeated flooding of Yellow River and the uncovering ancient cities built in different dynasties under Kaifeng City. Chinese National Geography, 2002(8): 36-47.
	[李雪梅. 黄河去复来, 开封“城摞城”. 中国国家地理, 2002(8): 36-47.]
[13]	Ma Jianhua, Lu Jing, Gu Lei, et al.Black carbon as an indicator for dividing sedimentary cycle from the Yellow River flood sediments in Kaifeng. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5): 730-738. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201505005
	[马建华, 陆静, 谷蕾, 等. 黑碳在开封古城黄泛地层沉积旋回划分中的指示意义. 地理学报, 2015, 70(5): 730-738.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201505005
[14]	Liu Dexin, Ma Jianhua, Gu Lei, et al.The middle and late Holocene pollen record from the Yellow River flooding sedimentary sequence in the western suburbs of Kaifeng City, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(5): 852-863.
	[刘德新, 马建华, 谷蕾, 等. 全新世中后期开封西郊黄泛沉积序列的孢粉记录. 地理学报, 2016, 71(5): 852-863.]
[15]	Liu Dexin, Ma Jianhua, Xu Qinghai, et al.A study of the Chong Zhen drought event from pollen records in the western suburbs of Kaifeng City, China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(11): 2133-2143. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201511012
	[刘德新, 马建华, 许清海, 等. 开封市西郊地层“崇祯大旱”事件的孢粉记录. 地理研究, 2015, 34(11): 2133-2143.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201511012
[16]	Loska K, Wiechuła D, Barska B, et al.Assessment of arsenic enrichment of cultivated soils in southern Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2003, 12(2): 187-192. doi: 10.2747/0272-3646.24.1.77
[17]	Bourennane H, Douay F, Sterckeman T, et al.Mapping of anthropogenic trace elements inputs in agricultural topsoil from northern France using enrichment factors. Geoderma, 2010, 157(3-4): 165-174. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.04.009
[18]	Cheng H G, Hao F H, Ouyang W, et al.Vertical distribution of rare earth elements in a wetland soil core from the Sanjiang Plain in China. Journal of Rare Earths, 2012, 30(7): 731-738. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60120-3
[19]	Khalil A, Hanich L, Bannari A, et al.Assessment of soil contamination around an abandoned mine in a semi-arid environment using geochemistry and geostatistics: Pre-work of geochemical process modeling with numerical models. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2013, 125(3): 117-129.
[20]	Reimann C, de Caritat P. Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment: Regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors. Science of the Total Environment, 2005, 337(1-3): 91-107. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.011 pmid: 15626382
[21]	Odewande A A, Abimbola A F.Contamination indices and heavy metal concentrations in urban soil of Ibadan metropolis, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2008, 30(3): 243-254. doi: 10.1007/s10653-007-9112-2 pmid: 17703366
[22]	Lu X W, Wang L J, Lei K, et al.Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in streetdust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161(2-3): 1058-1062. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.052 pmid: 18502044
[23]	Atiemo M S, Ofosu G F, Kuranchiemensah H, et al.Contamination assessment of heavy metals in road dust from selected roads in Accra, Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2011, 3(5): 473-480. doi: 10.4236/acs.2016.61006
[24]	Jin Lu, Chu Fengyou, Zhao Jianru, et al.An evaluation on heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of northwestern part of South China Sea. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2011, 29(2): 24-34. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2011.02.003
	[金路, 初凤友, 赵建如, 等. 南海西北部浅海沉积物重金属污染的综合评价. 海洋学研究, 2011, 29(2): 24-34.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2011.02.003
[25]	Tomlinson D L, Wilson J G, Harris C R, et al.Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the formation of pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 1980, 33(1-4): 566-575. doi: 10.1007/BF02414780
[26]	Addo M A, Darko E O, Gordon C, et al.Heavy metal concentrations in road deposited dust at Ketu-South District, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2012, 2(1): 28-39.
[27]	Chen Yanfang, Ma Jianhua, Dong Yunwu, et al.Background values of As and Hg in surface dusts in the vicinity of Kaifeng City and their application. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(8): 3052-3059.
	[陈彦芳, 马建华, 董运武, 等. 开封周边地区地表灰尘砷、汞背景值及其应用. 环境科学, 2014, 35(8): 3052-3059.]
[28]	Liu D X, Ma J H, Sun Y L, et al.Spatial distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and correlation with heavy metal pollution in Kaifeng City, China. Catena, 2016, 139: 53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.11.004
[29]	Ong M C, Menier D, Shazili N A M,et al.Geochemical characteristics of heavy metals concentration in sediments of Quiberon Bay waters, South Brittany, France. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 29(1): 39-45. doi: 10.13005/ojc/290106
[30]	Likuku A S, Mmolawa K B, Gaboutloeloe G K.Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and degree of contamination around the copper-nickel mine in the Selebi Phikwe Region, eastern Botswana. Environment and Ecology Research, 2013, 1(2): 32-40.
[31]	Li Hequn.History documents about double palace cities of Dongjing City in Song Dynasty. Cultural Relics of Central China, 1996(3): 158-163.
	[李合群. 北宋东京皇宫二城考略. 中原文物, 1996(3): 158-163.]
[32]	Qiu Gang.Analysis of the loyal street ruins of Dongjing City in Song Dynasty. Academic Journal of Zhongzhou, 1999(6): 155-157.
	[丘刚.北宋东京城御街遗址探析.中州学刊, 1999(6): 155-157.]
[33]	Archaeological Team of Kaifeng.Exploration and excavation of the Forbidden City in Zhouwang Palace in Ming Dynasty.Cultural Relics, 1999(12): 66-73.
	[开封宋城考古队.明周王府紫禁城的初步勘探与发掘. 文物, 1999(12): 66-73.]
[34]	Cultural Relic Team of Kaifeng. Exploration and excavation of the Zhouwang Palace ruins in Ming Dynasty in Kaifeng, Henan. Cultural Relics, 2005(9): 47-58.
	[开封市文物工作队.河南开封明周王府遗址的初步勘探与试掘. 文物, 2005(9): 47-58.]
[35]	Archaeological Team of Kaifeng. Exploration and excavation of the outer wall of Dongjing City in Song Dynasty.Cultural Relics, 1992(12): 52-61.
	[开封宋城考古队. 北宋东京外城的初步勘探与试掘. 文物, 1992(12): 52-61.]
[36]	Kluge B, Wessolek G.Heavy metal pattern and solute concentration in soils along the oldest highway of the world: The AVUS Autobahn. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012, 184(11): 6469-6481. doi: 10.1007/s10661-011-2433-8 pmid: 22120776
[37]	Lv J S, Liu Y, Zhang Z L, et al.Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261: 387-397. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.065 pmid: 23973471
[38]	Chen Yi’nan, Ma Jianhua.Assessment of pollution and health risks of heavy metals in surface dusts from driving-schools in a city of Henan, China. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(8): 3017-3026. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2016.0010
	[陈轶楠, 马建华. 河南省某市驾校地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险评价. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(8): 3017-3026.] doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2016.0010
[39]	Zhou Baozhu, Xu Boyong.Ancient Capital of Kaifeng. Kaifeng: Henan University Press, 2011.
	[周宝珠, 徐伯勇. 古都开封. 开封:河南大学出版社, 2011.]
[40]	Zhao Jiazhen.Ethnic and Religious Records of Kaifeng City. Hong Kong: Tianma Press, 2000.
	[赵家珍. 开封民族宗教志. 开封: 香港天马出版社, 2000.]
[41]	Parnell J J, Terry R E, Nelson Z.Soil chemical analysis applied as an interpretive tool for ancient human activities in Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2002, 29(4): 379-404. doi: 10.1006/jasc.2002.0735
[42]	Gao Y, Shi Z, Zong Q, et al.Direct determination of mercury in cosmetic samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after dissolution with formic acid. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2014, 812: 6-11.
[43]	Mcrill C, Boyer L V, Flood T J, et al.Mercury toxicity due to use of a cosmetic cream. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 2000, 42(1): 4-7. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200001000-00004 pmid: 10652682
[44]	Compilation Committee of Kaifeng County Annals. Kaifeng County Annals. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Classics Press. 1992.
	[开封县志编纂委员会. 开封县志. 郑州: 中州古籍出版社, 1992.]
[45]	Compilation Committee of Local Chronicles of Kaifeng. Kaifeng City Annals. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Classics Press. 1995.
	[开封市地方志编纂委员会. 开封市志. 郑州: 中州古籍出版社. 1995.]

旋回	地层	深度范围(m)	颜色	质地类型	有机碳(g/kg)	砂黏比
12~13	文化层	1.4~1.8	10YR3/4暗棕	粉壤土	6.46	18.37
12~13	下部沉积层	1.8~4.5	10YR4/4棕	粉壤土	4.16	13.89
11	文化层	4.5~4.9	10YR4/4棕	粉土	2.79	3.45
11	下部沉积层	4.9~6.0	10YR5/4浊黄棕	粉土	2.65	3.69
10	文化层	6.0~6.4	10YR4/6棕	粉土	4.00	3.72
10	下部沉积层	6.4~6.7	7.5YR4/4棕	粉土	3.86	1.09
9	文化层	6.7~7.2	10YR4/1灰棕	粉壤土	7.74	20.60
9	下部沉积层	7.2~8.5	10YR4/4棕	粉壤土	5.77	15.72
8	文化层	8.5~9.3	10YR3/2黑棕	粉壤土	4.73	13.97
8	下部沉积层	9.3~10.4	10YR5/3浊黄棕	粉壤土	2.48	7.40
7	文化层	10.4~10.8	10YR4/3浊黄棕	粉壤土	2.55	12.89
7	下部沉积层	10.8~11.9	10YR4/6棕	粉壤土	1.93	6.11

钻孔	文化遗址	埋深(m)	资料来源
师专	明周王府萧墙	3~5	[31]
	宋皇宫宣德门	8.2	[32]
	金皇宫五门	6.3	[10, 32]
	明周王府午门	4.5	[10, 32]
	北宋地面	7.5	[10]
	明代地面	4.5	[10]
医专	明周王府紫禁城端礼门	3.5~4	[33]
	明周王府西墙残基	5	[33]
	明周王府地面	3~4	[34]
金明	明代砖块和瓷片	4	[35]
	北宋外城堌子门残基	8~11	[10]
	东周陶片	12~14
	北宋外城西墙墙基	11.3

钻孔	文化层	单项污染指数
钻孔	文化层	Pb	Cd	Cu	Zn	Hg	As	Cr	Co	Ni
师专	清	0.72	1.63	1.56	2.24	3.60	0.56	1.25	1.24	1.24
	明晚期	0.10	1.29	1.31	1.46	0.38	0.96	1.35	1.38	1.46
	明中期	1.10	1.89	1.92	1.74	1.05	1.43	1.78	2.01	1.95
	明早期	1.94	1.39	3.02	2.09	28.04	0.94	1.24	1.30	1.27
	宋金	1.60	1.46	3.27	2.17	52.00	1.32	1.41	1.51	1.43
	战国	1.94	1.13	2.03	1.99	17.25	1.39	1.32	1.31	1.29
	平均	1.23	1.47	2.19	1.95	17.05	1.10	1.39	1.46	1.44
医专	清	3.52	2.01	1.80	2.27	2.25	0.96	1.29	1.25	1.19
	明晚期	1.26	1.36	3.26	1.42	1.05	1.36	1.01	1.19	1.16
	明中期	3.99	1.45	1.68	1.18	13.36	0.44	1.39	1.40	1.35
	明早期	4.17	1.31	2.78	1.54	19.27	1.50	1.26	1.17	1.06
	宋金	1.03	1.20	2.09	2.42	26.70	1.90	1.50	1.54	1.43
	战国	1.70	1.14	1.42	1.07	10.64	1.46	1.39	1.39	1.32
	平均	2.61	1.41	2.17	1.65	12.21	1.27	1.31	1.32	1.25
金明	清	0.51	1.36	0.88	0.66	0.41	0.81	1.12	0.99	1.00
	明晚期	0.89	2.73	1.67	1.09	0.18	1.51	2.12	1.80	1.86
	明中期	2.06	1.21	1.16	1.18	6.36	1.24	1.35	1.27	1.34
	明早期	2.00	3.21	1.40	1.08	0.12	1.32	2.82	1.54	1.58
	宋金	2.43	2.03	1.75	1.14	1.16	2.01	1.98	1.79	1.80
	战国	1.63	1.78	1.69	1.04	2.53	1.75	2.35	1.82	1.80
	平均	1.59	2.05	1.43	1.03	1.79	1.44	1.96	1.54	1.56

Heavy metal enrichment and pollution of historical cultural layers in Kaifeng City, Henan Province

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References 45

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

[1]	LYU Jianshu. Source apportionment and spatial prediction of heavy metals in soils of Yantai coastal zone [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(3): 713-725.
[2]	LI Ye, GONG Yongxi, ZHANG Zhaodong, FENG Changchun. On the neighborhood patterns of urban land use using vector grids [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(11): 2236-2249.
[3]	EZIZ Mamattursun, MAMUT Ajigul, MOHAMMAD Anwar, Guofei MA. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its potential ecological risks of farmland soils of oasis in Bosten Lake Basin [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9): 1680-1694.
[4]	Zhenlan JIANG, Yusheng YANG, Jinming SHA. Application of GWR model in hyperspectral prediction of soil heavy metals [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(3): 533-544.
[5]	SONG Jingyi, FU Kaidao, SU Bin, HUANG Qisheng, Huang Jiangcheng, Zhang Jilai. Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations and pollution assessment in the bed loads of the Lancang River System [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(3): 389-397.
[6]	Lü Jianshu, ZHANG Zulu, LIU Yang, DAI Jeirui, WANG Xue, WANG Maoxiang. Sources Identification and Hazardous Risk Delineation of Heavy Metals Contamination in Rizhao City [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(7): 971-984.
[7]	FANG Shubo, JIA Xiaobo, AN Shuqing, ZHENG Zheng. The Priority Pattern for Managing the Potential Ecological Risks Associated with Heavy Metals of the Top Soil on Yancheng Coast [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(1): 27-35.
[8]	CHEN Xiuduan, LU Xinwei, ZHAO Caifeng, LUO Dacheng. The Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Urban Topsoil Collected from the Interior Area of the Second Ring Road, Xi'an [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(9): 1281-1288.
[9]	SUN Chao,CHEN Zhenlou,BI Chunjuan,LIU Yaolong,ZHANG Cui,WANG Dongqi,SHI Guitao,YE Mingwu. Evaluation on Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Chongming Island, Shanghai [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(5): 619-628.
[10]	CAI Limei1, 2, MA Jin1, 2, ZHOU Yongzhang1, 2, HUANG Lanchun1, 2,CHEN Feixiang1, 2, XIE Xiaohua1, 2, YANG Xiaoqiang1, 2. Heavy Metal Concentr ations of Agr icultur al Soils and Vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(9): 994-1003.
[11]	GUO Zhaohui,XIAO Xiyuan,CHEN Tongbin,LIAO Xiaoyong,SONG Jie,WU Bin. Heavy Metal Pollution of Soils and Vegetables from Midstream and Downstream of Xiangjiang River [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(1): 3-11.
[12]	DUAN Jianping, REN Jiawen, QIN Xiang, LI Yuefang. Heavy Metals Concentrations and Seasonal Variations in Snow of Mount Qomolangma Region [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(1): 22-29.
[13]	DING Shengyan, LI Zhiheng. Niche Pattern Dynamics of Different Functional Modules in Kaifeng City [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(7): 752-762.
[14]	ZHENG Yuanming, CHEN Tongbin, CHEN Huang, ZHENG Guodi, LUO Jinfa. Lead Accumulation in Soils under Different Land Use Types in Beijing City [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(5): 791-797.
[15]	DING Shengyan, CAO Xinxiang. Landscape Pattern Dynamics of Water Body in Kaifeng City since the End of the Qing Dynasty (AD1898-2002) [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(6): 956-963.