中国边境地区的城镇化格局及其驱动力

doi:10.11821/dlxb202008004

Abstract

Abstract:

Border area is not only an important gateway for inland opening-up, but also an critical part in the building of a moderately prosperous society and optimizing national urban spatial pattern in China. Due to the location, natural resources endowment, and traffic accessibility, the urbanization development is relatively slow in border areas. Therefore, border area is a special area that should be given close attention, especially under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative and China's regional coordinated development program. Based on the county-level data from 2000 to 2015, this paper tries to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of urbanization in 134 border counties, and applies the geographical detector method to study the driving forces of urbanization in border areas. Conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2015, urbanization rate in border areas was lower than the national average, and the gap was widening. Some border counties in southern Xinjiang, Tibet, northeast of Inner Mongolia, and Yunnan, are even facing the problem of population loss. (2) In the same period, urbanization rate in the northwestern and southwestern borders is low, but it grows relatively fast compared with other border counties; urbanization rate in Tibetan border area is the lowest and grows relatively slowly; urbanization rate in the northeastern and northern border areas is slightly higher, but it grows slowly or even stagnates. (3) Transportation and industry are the important driving forces of urbanization in border areas, while the driving forces of market is relatively weak. And there are obvious mutual reinforcements among the driving forces, while the effort of resource force increases obviously after interaction. (4) Urbanization rate in the northwestern and southwestern border areas grows relatively fast, with industrial power and transportation power, market power and administrative power as the main driving forces. Tibetan border area has the lowest urbanization rate and growth rate, as the driving force of urbanization with strong contribution has not yet formed in Tibet. In the northeastern and northern border areas, the contribution of transportation power to urbanization is greater than that of other forces, and its interaction with market and industry has obvious effects on urbanization.

Key words: border area, urbanization, spatio-temporal pattern, driving force, China

SONG Zhouying, ZHU Qiaoling. Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China's border areas[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(8): 1603-1616.

Figures/Tables 9

Tab. 1

Drivers of urban development in China's border areas and their weights

	指标	单位	指标解释	数据来源	权重
自然力	年均降水	mm	衡量气候条件宜居程度,各县级单元各年的平均降水量	中国气象数据网	0.25
	年均气温	℃	衡量气候条件宜居程度,各县级单元各年的平均气温	中国气象数据网	0.25
	平均海拔	km	衡量边境地区的地形条件,各县级单元的平均海拔	地理空间数据云	0.25
	耕地面积	hm²	衡量边境地区的耕地资源规模	中国经济与社会发展统计数据库	0.25
行政力	地方财政支出	万元	衡量地方政府的行政能力和调控能力	县域统计年鉴	0.30
	全社会固定资产投资	万元	衡量地方政府的经济能力	县域统计年鉴	0.30
	政策优惠指数	/	衡量国家政策扶持力度(根据下述5项政策条件进行0~5的赋值,每一项对应1分) 1 西部大开发、东北振兴 2 沿边综合配套改革试验区、现代农业综合配套改革试验区 3 边境经济合作区、综合保税区或兴边富民试点 4 重点开发开放试验区 5 跨境经济合作区	商务部、发改委网站	0.40
市场力	社会消费品零售总额	万元	衡量边境地区所占有的国内市场的规模	县域统计年鉴	0.40
	双边贸易额	万美元	衡量边境地区的贸易发展水平	国际贸易中心数据库	0.20
	双边经济融合水平	/	衡量双边贸易环境(对融合水平进行0~3的赋值) 0 两国未加入任何贸易协议 1 两国都加入了经济组织或协议,如WTO、CAFTA、BRI等 2 两国进入双边贸易协商阶段 3 两国签署了自由贸易协定	商务部、发改委网站	0.20
	市场机会	/	衡量边境地区毗邻国家的市场规模、市场预期等(以邻国人均GDP/边境地区人均GDP表示)	县域统计年鉴,世界银行数据库	0.20
产业力	规模以上工业总产值	万元	衡量工业化的水平	县域统计年鉴	0.40
	旅游收入	百万美元	衡量旅游业发展水平	中国统计年鉴	0.30
	地区生产总值	亿元	衡量产业发展的总体情况	县域统计年鉴	0.30
交通力	运输线密度	km/km²	衡量连接国内的交通通达水平(运输线长度与行政区域面积的比值,包括公路和铁路线路)	中国统计年鉴	0.40
	交通地位	/	判断县域是否是对外开放中重要的交通节点	商务部、发改委网站	0.30
	航空建设水平	/	衡量航空发展水平(对机场建设态势进行0~3的赋值) 0 无3C或以上等级机场 1 有3C等级机场 2 有4C等级机场 3 有4D等级机场	通航资源网	0.30
社会力	少数民族人口比重	/	衡量与邻近国家社会文化融合	人口普查	0.40
	教育水平	人	衡量每万人中小学生及普通中学在校生数	县域统计年鉴	0.30
	医疗水平	张	每万人所有的医疗机构床位数	县域统计年鉴	0.30

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 2

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

References 42

[1]	Song Zhouying, Che Shuyun, Wang Jiao'e, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution and functions of border ports in China. Progress in Geography, 2015,34(5):589-597.
	[ 宋周莺, 车姝韵, 王姣娥, 等. 中国沿边口岸的时空格局及功能模式. 地理科学进展, 2015,34(5):589-597.]
[2]	Chen A. Urbanization in China and the case of Fujian Province. Modern China, 2016,32(1):99-130.
[3]	Chen Zhongnuan, Gao Quan, Wang Shuai. The comprehensive evaluation of China's urbanization and spatial difference in provincial level. Economic Geography, 2014,34(6):54-59.
	[ 陈忠暖, 高权, 王帅. 中国省际城镇化综合水平及其空间分异. 经济地理, 2014,34(6):54-59.]
[4]	Sun Dongqi, Chen Mingxing, Chen Yufu. China's new-type urbanization and investment demand prediction analysis, 2015-2030. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(6):1025-1044. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201606010
	[ 孙东琪, 陈明星, 陈玉福, 等. 2015—2030年中国新型城镇化发展及其资金需求预测. 地理学报, 2016,71(6):1025-1044.]
[5]	Wang Yang, Fang Chuanglin, Wang Zhenbo. The study on comprehensive evaluation and urbanization division at county level in China. Geographical Research, 2012,31(7):1305-1316.
	[ 王洋, 方创琳, 王振波. 中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价及类型区划分. 地理研究, 2012,31(7):1305-1316.]
[6]	Xue Desheng, Zeng Xuanjun. Evaluation of China's urbanization quality and analysis of its spatial pattern transformation based on the modern life index. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(2):194-204. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201602002
	[ 薛德升, 曾献君. 中国人口城镇化质量评价及省际差异分析. 地理学报, 2016,71(2):194-204.]
[7]	Chen Mingxing, Lu Dadao, Zhang Hua. Comprehensive evaluation and the driving factors of China's urbanization. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(4):387-398.
	[ 陈明星, 陆大道, 张华. 中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析. 地理学报, 2009,64(4):387-398.]
[8]	Liu Yansui, Yang Ren. The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(8):1011-1020. doi: 10.11821/xb201208001
	[ 刘彦随, 杨忍. 中国县域城镇化的空间特征与形成机理. 地理学报, 2012,67(8):1011-1020.]
[9]	Wang Jiankang, Gu Guofeng, Yao Li, et al. Analysis of new urbanization's spatial pattern evolution and influence factors in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(1):63-71. doi: 10.1329/j.cnki.sgs.2016.01.008
	[ 王建康, 谷国锋, 姚丽, 等. 中国新型城镇化的空间格局演变及影响因素分析: 基于285个地级市的面板数据. 地理科学, 2016,36(1):63-71.]
[10]	Gao Jinlong, Bao Jingwei, Liu Yansui, et al. Regional disparity and the influencing factors of land urbanization in China at the county level, 2000-2015. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(12):2329-2344. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201812005
	[ 高金龙, 包菁薇, 刘彦随, 等. 中国县域土地城镇化的区域差异及其影响因素. 地理学报, 2018,73(12):2329-2344.]
[11]	Wu Yifan, Liu Yansui, Li Yurui. Spatio-temporal coupling of demographic-landscape urbanization and its driving forces in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(10):1865-1879. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201810004
	[ 吴一凡, 刘彦随, 李裕瑞. 中国人口与土地城镇化时空耦合特征及驱动机制. 地理学报, 2018,73(10):1865-1879.]
[12]	Li Hong, Zhang Jun, Ou Xiaojing. Spatiotemporal evolution of county urbanization and migration of population in border province: A case study of Guangxi. Tropical Geography, 2017,37(2):163-173. doi: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002925
	[ 李红, 张珺, 欧晓静. 边境省区县域城镇化与人口迁移的时空演变及机制分析: 以广西为例. 热带地理, 2017,37(2):163-173.]
[13]	Zhou Wenting, Liu Yungang, Wu Yinshan. Border space construction between Shenzhen and Hong Kong based on the "one country, two systems" policy: A case study of Chung Ying Street area. Geographical Research, 2018,37(11):2288-2304.
	[ 周雯婷, 刘云刚, 吴寅姗. 一国两制下的深港跨境生活空间形成: 以中英街地区为例. 地理研究, 2018,37(11):2288-2304.]
[14]	Huang Jianying. Study on the development pattern of border minority county economy. Heilongjiang National Series, 2010(4):42-47.
	[ 黄健英. 边境少数民族县域经济发展模式研究. 黑龙江民族丛刊, 2010(4):42-47.]
[15]	Rumley D, Minghi J. The Geography of Border Landscapes. London: Routledge, 1991.
[16]	Li Cansong, Hu Zhiding, Ge Yuejing, et al. Progress of foreign political geography in border security studies. Tropical Geography, 2014,34(4):454-462.
	[ 李灿松, 胡志丁, 葛岳静, 等. 当前国外政治地理学边境安全研究进展. 热带地理, 2014,34(4):454-462.]
[17]	Wang Jiao'e, Jiao Jingjuan, Ma Li. An organizational model and border port hinterlands for the China-Europe Railway Express. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018,28(9):1275-1287.
[18]	Brunet Jailly E. Theorizing borders: An interdisciplinary perspective. Geopolitics, 2005,10(4):633-649.
[19]	Tang Jianzhong, Zhang Bing, Chen Ying. The boundary effect and cross-border subregional economic cooperation: A case study of East Asia. Human Geography, 2002,17(1):8-12.
	[ 汤建中, 张兵, 陈瑛. 边界效应与跨国界经济合作的地域模式: 以东亚地区为例. 人文地理, 2002,17(1):8-12.]
[20]	Su X B. From frontier to bridgehead: Cross-border regions and the experience of Yunnan, China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(4):1213-1232.
[21]	Hu Zhiding, Luo Huasong, Li Cansong, et al. Triple functions of country border and its concerning optimized combination under the perspective of geopolitical security. Human Geography, 2012,27(3):73-77.
	[ 胡志丁, 骆华松, 李灿松, 等. 地缘安全视角下国家边界的“三重功能”及其优化组合. 人文地理, 2012,27(3):73-77.]
[22]	Song T, Cheng Y, Liu W D, et al. Spatial difference and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in the border areas of China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017,27(12):1463-1480.
[23]	Mao Hanying. Geopolitical and geo-economic situation around and China's strategies. Progress in Geography, 2013,33(3):289-302.
	[ 毛汉英. 中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济格局和对策. 地理科学进展, 2013,33(3):289-302.]
[24]	Ma Yong. Elementary introduction to the selection of the economic developmental patterns in the border areas. N.W. Ethno-National Studies, 2003,37(2):98-106.
	[ 马勇. 浅议边疆地区经济发展模式选择. 西北民族研究, 2003,37(2):98-106.]
[25]	Li Yanqin, Shu Sheng. Focus on frontier research in China under the perspective of tourism. Geographical Research, 2015,34(3):407-421.
	[ 李燕琴, 束晟. 聚焦旅游视域下的中国边疆研究. 地理研究, 2015,34(3):407-421.]
[26]	Zhong Linsheng, Zhang Shengrui, Shi Yuqin, et al. Evaluation and utilization strategies of land border tourism resources in China. Resources Science, 2014,36(6):1117-1124.
	[ 钟林生, 张生瑞, 时雨晴, 等. 中国陆地边境县域旅游资源特征评价及其开发策略. 资源科学, 2014,36(6):1117-1124.]
[27]	Qiu Yunzhi. Study on tourism urbanization in minority areas. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Science), 2005(10):32-34.
	[ 邱云志. 少数民族区域旅游城镇化研究. 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版), 2005(10):32-34.]
[28]	Fang Y P, Fan J, Shen M Y, et al. Gradient effect on farmers' income in the mountain areas and its implication for poverty alleviation strategies: Empirical analysis from the upper reach of Minjiang River, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 2012,9(6):869-878.
[29]	Lin G C. The growth and structural change of Chinese cities: A contextual and geographic analysis. Cities, 2002,19(5):299-316.
[30]	Cao Guangzhong, Liu Tao. Rising role of inland regions in China's urbanization in the 21st century: The new trend and its explanation. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011,66(12):1631-1643.
	[ 曹广忠, 刘涛. 中国城镇化地区贡献的内陆化演变与解释: 基于1982—2008年省区数据的分析. 地理学报, 2011,66(12):1631-1643.]
[31]	Cheng Yi. The urbanization process and pattern research in border areas of China[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017.
	[ 程艺. 中国边境地区的城镇化过程与模式研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2017.]
[32]	Li Guangdong, Fang Chuanglin. Quantitative measure and influencing mechanism of land intensive use in China at the county level. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(12):1739-1752.
	[ 李广东, 方创琳. 中国县域国土空间集约利用计量测度与影响机理. 地理学报, 2014,69(12):1739-1752.]
[33]	Kelejian H, Tavlas G S, Petroulas P. In the neighborhood: The trade effects of the Euro in a spatial framework. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2012,42(1-2):314-322.
[34]	Shen L, Cheng S K, Gunson A J, et al. Urbanization, sustainability and the utilization of energy and mineral resources in China. Cities, 2005,22(4):287-302.
[35]	Zhai Shunhe, Guo Wenjiong, Jing Puqiu. Driving force, characteristics and strategic orientation of urbanization in resource-based areas: A case of study of Shanxi Province. City Planning Review, 2010,34(9):67-72.
	[ 翟顺河, 郭文炯, 景普秋. 资源型区域城镇化动力、特征与战略取向: 基于山西的实证. 城市规划, 2010,34(9):67-72.]
[36]	Yao Shimou, Wang Chen, Zhang Luocheng, et al. The influencing factor s of resources and environments in the process of urbanization of China. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(3):94-100.
	[ 姚士谋, 王辰, 张落成, 等. 我国资源环境对城镇化问题的影响因素. 地理科学进展, 2008,27(3):94-100.]
[37]	Ji Xiaofeng, Jiang Li, Chen Fang. Spatio-temporal cooperative evolution analysis of transportation superiority and county urbanization in Yunnan Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(12):1875-1884. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.12.011
	[ 戢晓峰, 姜莉, 陈方. 云南省县域城镇化与交通优势度的时空协同性演化分析. 地理科学, 2017,37(12):1875-1884.]
[38]	Wang Fahui, Jin Fengjun, Zeng Guang. Geographic patterns of air passenger transport in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003,23(5):519-525.
	[ 王法辉, 金凤君, 曾光. 中国航空客运网络的空间演化模式研究. 地理科学, 2003,23(5):519-525.]
[39]	Wang J F, Li H X, George C, et al. Geographical detectors based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region, China. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2010,24(1):107-127. doi: 10.1080/13658810802443457
[40]	Yang Guocai, Shi Yuqiao. Marriages at the bordering countries and its prospect. Journal of Beifang University of Nationalities, 2015(3):118-125.
	[ 杨国才, 施玉桥. 边境跨国婚姻的研究与展望. 北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015(3):118-125.]
[41]	Xue Fengxuan, Yang Chun. Exo-urbanization: The case of the Zhujiang River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1997,52(3):193-206.
	[ 薛凤旋, 杨春. 外资: 发展中国家城市化的新动力: 珠江三角洲个案研究. 地理学报, 1997,52(3):193-206.]
[42]	Zhou Chunshan, Wang Yuqu, Xu Qiying, et al. The new process of urbanization in the Pearl River Delta. Geographical Research, 2019,38(1):45-63.
	[ 周春山, 王宇渠, 徐期莹, 等. 珠三角城镇化新进程. 地理研究, 2019,38(1):45-63.]

	自然力	行政力	市场力	产业力	交通力	社会力
全部边境地区	0.103^***	0.096^***	0.058^***	0.204^***	0.224^***	0.166^***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
东北边境	0.248^***	0.073^***	0.018^*	0.014	0.133^***	0.069^***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.068)	(0.135)	(0.000)	(0.000)
北部边境	0.092^***	0.132^***	0.199^***	0.039^**	0.190^***	0.151^***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.000)
西北边境	0.063^***	0.099^***	0.048^***	0.232^***	0.228^***	0.016^*
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.084)
西藏边境	0.114^***	0.036^**	0.052^***	0.017	0.040	0.072^***
	(0.000)	(0.042)	(0.007)	(0.324)	(0.256)	(0.000)
西南边境	0.037^***	0.173^***	0.198^***	0.064^***	0.138^***	0.108^***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)

Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China's border areas

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 42

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

[1]	SUN Pingjun, WANG Kewen. Identification and stage division of urban shrinkage in the three provinces of Northeast China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1366-1379.
[2]	WEI Shimei, PAN Jinghu. Network structure resilience of cities at the prefecture level and above in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1394-1407.
[3]	YANG Ren, PAN Yuxin. Spatial patterns, formation mechanism and coping strategies of rural vulnerability in China at the county level [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1438-1454.
[4]	YIN Jiangbin, LI Shangqian, JIANG Lei, CHENG Zhe, HUANG Xiaoyan, LU Gaigai. The spatio-temporal variations and driving factors of non-farm employment growth in contiguous destitute areas of China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1471-1488.
[5]	HU Pan, CHEN Bo, SHI Peijun. Spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of rainstorm-induced flood disasters in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(5): 1148-1162.
[6]	LIU Zhenhai, WANG Shaoqiang, CHEN Bin. Spatial and temporal variations of frozen ground and its vegetation response in the eastern segment of China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor from 2000 to 2015 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(5): 1231-1244.
[7]	GUO Xiangyang, MU Xueqing, DING Zhengshan, QIN Dongli. Nonlinear effects and driving mechanism of multidimensional urbanization on PM_2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(5): 1274-1293.
[8]	MA Zuopeng, LI Chenggu, ZHANG Pingyu. Characteristics, mechanism and response of urban shrinkage in the three provinces of Northeast China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 767-780.
[9]	HUANG Xiaodong, MA Haitao, MIAO Changhong. Connectivity characteristics for city networks in China based on innovative enterprises [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 835-852.
[10]	WANG Lucang, LIU Haiyang, LIU Qing. China's city network based on Tencent's migration big data [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 853-869.
[11]	XIA Xingsheng, PAN Yaozhong, ZHU Xiufang, ZHANG Jinshui. Monthly calibration and optimization of Ångström-Prescott equation coefficients for agricultural comprehensive area in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 888-902.
[12]	WANG Shaojian, CUI Zitian, LIN Jingjie, XIE Jinyan, SU Kun. Coupling relationship between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 973-991.
[13]	FAN Zemeng. Spatial identification and scenario simulation of ecotone distribution in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(3): 626-644.
[14]	XU Yu, LI Xiubin, XIN Liangjie. Differentiation of scale-farmland transfer rent and its influencing factors in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(3): 753-763.
[15]	LI Gang, XUE Shuyan, MA Xueyao, ZHOU Junjun, XU Tingting, WANG Jiaobei. Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and formation mechanism of missing person incidents in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(2): 310-325.