天山木扎尔特河流域的冰川地貌与冰期

doi:10.11821/xb200905004

Abstract

Abstract:

The Muzhaerte River Valley is located on the southeastern slope of the Tumur Peak, the largest center of modern glaciation in the Tianshan Mountains of China. Four sets of moraines are well-preserved in the valley and on the piedmont. The landforms contain vital information about the variation of the palaeo-environment, and studies on them make it easy to understand the change of ancient glaciers and to reconstruct the palaeo-environment in this region. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of a well-exposed section, end moraines and associated outwashes, fluvial sediments on the Kezibulake moraines were carried out using Ge centers in quartz grains, which are sensitive to the sunlight and grinding. Considering the principles of geomorphology and stratigraphy and the available data of the palaeo-environment, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: the first set of moraines, consisting of 3-4 end moraines, were deposited in Little Ice Age; the Tugaibieliqi end moraine was the sediment of the Neo-glacial; the Pochengzi end moraines and the Kezibulake moraines were determined to deposit in the last glaciation and in MIS6. The Pochengzi end moraines and their dates demonstrate that at least three large glacial advances occurred during the last glaciation, corresponding to MIS4, MIS3b and MIS2, respectively. Furthermore the result shows that the glaciers were compound valley ones in MIS2 and MIS3b, while they were piedmont ones in MIS4 and MIS6. The length of the ancient Muzhaerte glacier was about 92~99 km during the Pochengzi glaciation and about 120 km during the Kezibulake glaciation.

Key words: glacial geomorphology, ESR dating, marine oxygen isotope stage, Muzhaerte Rive, Tianshan Mountain

ZHAO Jingdong,WANG Jie,LIU Shiyin. Glacial Geomorphology and Glaciations in the Muzhaerte River Valley, Tianshan Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(5): 553-562.

References

[1] Feidaoluoweiqi БA, Yan Qinshang. New data of the times and features about the Tianshan Mountains' ice ages in China. In: Memoirs of the Natural Conditions in Xinjiang Province (memoirs). Beijing: Science Press, 1959. 14-31.
[费道罗维奇БA, 严钦尚. 中国境内天山冰期及其性质的新资料. 见: 新疆维吾尔自治区的自然条件(论文集). 北京: 科学出版社, 1959. 14-31.]

[2] Feidaoluoweiqi БA, Yan Qinshang. Study on the times and features of the Tianshan Mountains' ice ages in the western China. Quaternary Sciences in China, 1960, 3(1/2): 9-33.
[费道罗维奇БA, 严钦尚. 中国西部天山冰期的次数与性质问题. 中国第四纪研究, 1960, 3(1-2): 9-33.]

[3] Liu Zechun, Liu Zhenzhong, Wang Fubao. A comparison of the Quaternary glaciers development patterns nearby the Qomolangma Peak, Hantengri Peak and the Tuanjie Peak of Qilianshan Mountains. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1962, 28 (1): 19-33.
[刘泽纯, 刘振中, 王富葆. 关于珠穆朗玛峰、腾格里峰、祁连山团结峰附近第四纪冰川发展的比较. 地理学报, 1962, 28(1): 19-33]

[4] Geography Department of Nanjing University (Geomorphology Teaching and Research Section). Quaternary Glaciations and Ice Ages in China. Beijing: Science Press, 1974. 125-142.
[南京大学地理系地貌学教研室. 中国第四纪冰川与冰期问题. 北京: 科学出版社, 1974. 125-142.]

[5] Shi Yafeng, Zheng Benxing, Su Zhen et al. Study of Quaternary glaciation in Mts. Tomur-Hantengri area, Tianshan. Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology, 1984. 6(2): 1-14.
[施雅风, 郑本兴, 苏珍等. 天山托木尔峰- 汗腾格里峰第四纪冰期探讨. 冰川冻土, 1984, 6(2): 1-14.]

[6] Scientific Expedition Team on Mountaineering of the CAS (ed.). Glacier and Meteorology in Tumur Peak Region, Tianshan Mountains. Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 1985. 1-43, 85-94.
[中国科学院登山科学考察队编. 天山托木尔峰地区的冰川与气候. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆人民出版社, 1985. 1-43, 85-94.]

[7] Shi Yafeng, Wang Zongtai. The road in the Muzhaerte glaciated valley in history and the traffic between the East and the West. Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology, 1979, (2): 22-26, 32.
[施雅风, 王宗太. 历史上的木扎尔特冰川谷道和中西交通. 冰川冻土, 1979, (2): 22-26, 32.]

[8] Benn D I, Owen L A. The role of the Indian summer monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies in Himalayan glaciation: Review and speculative discussion. Journal of the Geological Society, 1998, 155: 353-363.

[9] Zhao Jingdong, Liu Shiyin, He Yuqing et al. Quaternary glacial chronology of the Ateaoyinake River Valley, Tianshan Mountains, China. Geomorphology, 2009, 103(2): 276-284.

[10] Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, CAS (ed.). Glacier Inventory of China III: Tianshan Mountains (Interior Drainage Area of Tarim Basin in Southwest). Beijing: Science Press, 1987. 82-93.
[中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所编. 中国冰川目录III- 天山山区(西南部塔里木内流区). 北京: 科学出版社, 1987. 82-93.]

[11] Walther R, Zilles D. ESR studies on bleached sedimentary quartz. Quaternary Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews), 1994, 13(5-7): 611-614.

[12] Rick W J. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating and ESR applications in Quaternary science and archaeometry. Radiation Measurements, 1997, 27: 975-1025.

[13] Zhao Jingdong, Zhou Shangzhe, He Yuanqing et al. ESR dating of glacial tills and glaciations in the Urumqi River headwaters, Tianshan Mountains, China. Quaternary International, 2006, 144: 61-67.

[14] Prescott J R, Hutton J T. Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements, 1994, 23(2/3): 497-500.

[15] Tanaka T, Sawada S, Ito T. ESR dating of late Pleistocene near-shore and terrace sands in southern Kanto, Japan. In: Ikeya M and Miki T (ed.). ESR Dating and Dosimetry. Tokyo: Ionics, 1985. 275-280.

[16] Buhay W M, Schwarcz H P, Grün R. ESR dating of fault gouge: The effect of grain size. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1988, 7: 515-522.

[17] Jin Sizhao, Deng Zhong, Huang Peihua. Study on optical effects of quartz E' Center in loess. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1991, 36(22): 1865-1870.

[18] Ye Yuguang, He Jie, Diao Shaobo et al. Study on ESR ages of late Pleistocene coastal aeolian sands. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 1993, 13(3): 85-90.
[业渝光, 和杰, 刁少波等.晚更新世海岸风成沙ESR 年龄的研究. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1993, 13(3): 85-90.]

[19] Ye Yuguang, Diao Shaobo, He Jie et al. ESR dating studies of paleo-debris-flows deposition Dongchuan, Yunnan Province, China. Quaternary Geochronology, 1998, 17: 1073-1076.

[20] Mahaney W C, Vortisch W, Julig P J. Relative differences between glacially crushed quartz transported by mountain and continental ice: some examples from North America and East Africa. American Journal of Science 1988, 288: 810-826.

[21] Yi Chaolu. Subglacial comminution: Evidence from microfabric studies and grain size analysis. Journal of Glaciology, 1997, 43: 174-179.

[22] Chen Jiyang. Preliminary researches on lichenometric chronology of Holocene glacial fluctuations and on other topics in the headwater of Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains. Science in China (Series B), 1989, 32(12): 1487-1500.

[23] Yao Tandong, Thompson L G, Shi Yafeng et al. Climate variation since the last interglaciation recorded in the Guliya ice core. Science in China (Series D), 1997, 40(6): 662-668.

[24] Abramowski U, Bergau A, Seebach D et al. Pleistocene glaciations of Central Asia: results from 10Be surface exposure ages of erratic boulders from the Pamir (Tajikistan), and the Alay-Turkestan range (Kyrgyzstan). Quaternary Science Reviews, 2006, 25(9/10): 1080-1096.

[25] Kamp Jr U, Haserodt K and Shroder Jr J F. Quaternary landscape evolution in the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan. Geomorphology, 2004, 57(1/2): 1-27.

[26] Owen L A, Finkel R C, Caffee M W. A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2002, 21(1-3): 147-157.

[27] Owen L A, Finkel R C, Caffee M W et al. Timing of multiple late Quaternary glaciations in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan: Defined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2002, 114(5): 593-604.

[28] Owen L A, Finkel R C, Ma Haizhou et al. Timing and style of late Quaternary glaciation in northeastern Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2003, 115(11): 1356-1364.

[29] Zech R, Abramowski U, Glaser B et al. Late Quaternary glacial and climate history of the Pamir Mountains derived from cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages. Quaternary Research, 2005, 64(2): 212-220.

[30] Zech, W., Glaser, B., Abramowski, U., Dittmar, C., Kubik, P.W., 2003. Reconstruction of the Late Quaternary Glaciation of the Macha Khola valley (Gorkha Himal, Nepal) using relative and absolute (14C, 10Be, dendrochronology) dating techniques. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(21/22): 2253-2265.

[31] Zhao Jingdong, Zhou Shangzhe, Liu Shiyin et al. A preliminary study of the glacier advance in MIS3b in the western alpine regions of China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(2): 233-241.
[赵井东, 周尚哲, 刘时银等. 中国西部山岳冰川MIS3b 冰进的初步探讨. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(2): 233-241.]

[32] Shi Yafeng, Yao Tandong. MIS3b (54~44 ka BP) cold period and glacial advance in middle and low latitudes. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002, 24(1): 1-9.
[施雅风, 姚檀栋.中低纬度MIS3b(54~44 ka BP)冷期与冰川前进. 冰川冻土, 2002, 24(1): 1-9.]

[33] Shi Yafeng, Liu Xiaodong, Li Bingyuan et al. A very strong summer monsoon event during 30-40 ka BP in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its relation to precessional cycle. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44 (20): 1851-1858.

[34] Berger A. Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth's orbital elements. Quaternary Research, 1978, 9: 139-167.

[35] Wu Jinglu, Wang Sumin, Shi Yafeng et al. Temperature estimation by oxygen-stable record over the past 200ka in Zoige Basin. Science in china (Series D), 2000, 43(6): 577-586.

[36] Wu Jinglu, Wang Sumin, Pan Hongxi et al. Climatic variations in the past 140ka recorded in core RM, east Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science in china (Series D), 1997, 40(4): 443-448.

[37] Li Shijie, Qu Rongkang, Zhu Zhaoyu et al. A carbonate content record of late Quaternary climate and environment changes from lacustrine core TS95 in Tianshuihai lake basin, northwestern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Journal of Lake Sciences, 1998, 10(2): 58-65.
[李世杰, 区荣康, 朱照宇等. 24 万年来西昆仑山甜水海湖岩芯碳酸盐含量变化与气候环境演化. 湖泊科学, 1998, 10(2): 58-65. Journal of Lake Sciences, 1998, 10(2): 58-65.]

[38] Zhang Hucai, Peng Jinlan, Ma Yuzhen et al. Late Quaternary palaeolake levels in Tengger Desert, NW China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2004, 211(1/2): 45-58.

[39] Zhang Hucai, Wünnemann B, Ma Yuzhen et al. Lake level and climate changes between 42000 and 18000 14C yr BP in the Tengger Desert, northwestern China. Quaternary Research, 2002, 58(1): 62-72.

[40] Li Bingyuan. The last greatest lakes on the Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2000, 55(2): 174-182.
[李炳元. 青藏高原大湖期. 地理学报, 2000, 55(2): 174-182.]

[41] Herzschuh U. Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2006, 25(1/2): 163-178.

Glacial Geomorphology and Glaciations in the Muzhaerte River Valley, Tianshan Mountains

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

[1]	DENG Haijun,CHEN Yaning. The glacier and snow variations and their impact on water resources in mountain regions: A case study in Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(7): 1309-1323.
[2]	ZHANG Zhengyong,HE Xinlin,LIU Lin,LI Zhongqin,WANG Puyu. Ecological service functions and value estimation of glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(5): 856-867.
[3]	Wucheng XING, Zhongqin LI, Hui ZHANG, Mingjun ZHANG, Pengbin LIANG, Jianxin MU. Spatial-temporal variation of glacier resources in ChineseTianshan Mountains since 1959 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9): 1594-1605.
[4]	Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI, Gonghuan FANG, Haijun DENG. Impact of climate change on water resources in the Tianshan Mountians, Central Asia [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1): 18-26.
[5]	Xiaokang LIU, Zhiguo RAO, Xiaojian ZHANG, Wei HUANG, Jianhui CHEN, Fahu CHEN. Variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains region and their significance for the Westerly circulation [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(1): 97-109.
[6]	SUN Meiping, YAO Xiaojun, LI Zhongqin, ZHANG Mingjun. Hydrological process of glacier and snow melting and runoff in Urumqi River source region, eastern Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 945-957.
[7]	WANG Xin, WU Kunpeng, JIANG Lianghong, LIU Shiyin, DING Yongjian, JIANG Zongli, GUO Wanqin. Wide expansion of glacial lakes in Tianshan Mountains during 1990-2010 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7): 983-993.
[8]	WANG Puyu, LI Zhongqin, LI Huilin, WU Lihua, JIN Shuang, ZHOU Ping. Changes of Ice-thickness and Volume for Representative Glaciers in Tianshan Mountains in the Past 50 Years [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(7): 929-940.
[9]	ZHAO Jingdong, SHI Yafeng, WANG Jie. Comparison between Quaternary Glaciations in China and the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS): An Improved Schema [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(7): 867-884.
[10]	WANG Shengjie, ZHANG Mingjun, LI Zhongqin, WANG Feiteng, LI Huilin, LI Yaju, HUANG Xiaoyan. Response of Glacier Area Variation to Climate Change in Chinese Tianshan Mountains in the Past 50 Years [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(1): 38-46.
[11]	ZHANG Mingjun1, 2, LI Ruixue1, JIA Wenxiong1, 2, WANG Xufeng2. Temporal and Spatial Changes of Potential Evaporation in Tianshan Mountains from 1960 to 2006 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(7): 798-806.
[12]	ZHAO Hongzhuang,LI Youli,YANG Jingchun,LU Honghua. The Longitudinal Profiles of the Ten Rivers in North Tianhan Mountains and Their Tectonic Significance [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(5): 563-570.
[13]	DONG Zhiwen,LI Zhongqin,WANG Feiteng,ZHANG Mingjun. The pH and Electrical Conductivity of Atmospheric Environment from Three Shallow Ice Cores in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(1): 107-116.
[14]	DONG Zhiwen, LI Zhongqin, WANG Feiteng, ZHANG Mingjun. Characteristics of Modern Atmospheric Dust Deposition in Snow on the Glaciers of East Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(5): 544-552.
[15]	LU Honghua,LI Youli,NAN Feng,SI Supei1,LIU Yunming,QIAN Mang,ZHAO Hongzhuang. Sequences and Ages of Fluvial Terracesalong the Northern Piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(1): 65-74.