新型基础设施的空间布局模式研究——以大型数据中心为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb202302001

Abstract

Abstract:

Data center is a new infrastructure system based on new development concepts, technological innovation, and information networks. It provides services for digital transformation, smart upgrading, and integrated innovation to meet the needs of high-quality development. The new infrastructure covers the construction of 5G base stations, intercity high-speed rail, intercity rail transit, new energy vehicle charging piles, big data centers, artificial intelligence, and industrial internet. It could promote resource integration, nurture new growth points, and shape new locations. Analyzing the spatial patterns of new infrastructures and their influencing factors is of great significance for understanding the regional development advantages. Using the data center as an example, this paper explores the spatial distribution and determinants of new infrastructure. Since the data center is not only infrastructure but also a strategic emerging industry, it is different from traditional infrastructure in terms of technical requirements and energy consumption. Since this difference will be reflected in the spatial layout, this paper proposes the macro layout principle of the data center. Then, the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the spatial pattern of data centers in China are analyzed, and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The macroscopic distribution of data centers should follow four principles: demand-oriented, cost oriented, operating environment-oriented, and safety oriented. (2) The distribution of data centers presents a spatial structure centered on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. (3) Economic development, internet development, the number of high-tech enterprises, labor costs, and educational institutions have a positive impact on the macro layout of data centers. The impacts of location conditions, land costs, and layout policies of data centers on their macro layout begin to appear at a certain stage. (4) There are three types of data center distribution models in China: demand-orientated, cost-oriented, and demand-cost-operating environment-oriented. At present, the data center in China is demand-oriented and will develop into a comprehensive demand-cost-operating environment-oriented model in the future. Our conclusion could provide guidance and suggestions for scientific site selection and the optimal layout of data centers.

Key words: data center, infrastructure, new infrastructure, spatial layout, Tobit model, China

WANG Jiaoe, DU Fangye, XIAO Fan. Spatial evolution of new infrastructure and its determinants: A case study of big data centers[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2023, 78(2): 259-272.

Figures/Tables 8

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	2016年	2017年	2018年	2019年
数据中心总量	0.967	0.948	0.947	0.944
大型数据中心数量	0.970	0.962	0.956	0.951
超大型数据中心数量	0.991	0.959	0.959	0.951
可用机架总数	0.975	0.957	0.952	0.947
大型数据中心可用机架数	0.975	0.968	0.960	0.955
超大型数据中心可用机架数	0.996	0.969	0.976	0.955

原则	一级指标	二级指标	二级指标含义	最小值	最大值
需求导向	经济发展水平	人均GDP	人均GDP(万元)	1.5	20.3
	市场邻近性	区位条件	与北上广成渝的最短距离(km)	0	2313.4
	市场邻近性	交通环境	高铁站和机场数量(个)	0	4
	信息化水平	互联网发展	互联网接入用户数(万户)	0	1372
	信息化水平	电信业发展	移动电话用户数(万户)	0	4020
	数字产业	高技术企业	高技术企业数量(个)	5	20977
		金融业规模	金融业从业人员数量(人)	1486	859131
		信息传输、计算机服务和软件业规模	信息传输、计算机服务和软件业从业人员数量(人)	192	644776
成本导向	用电成本	电价	发电企业平均上网电价(元/kW·h)	0.26	0.45
		温度	年平均气温(℃)	5.9	25.8
		降水	降水量(mm/年)	226.9	2459.3
	用地成本	土地价格	国有建设用地出让价格(万元/hm²)
	人力成本	人均收入水平	在岗职工年平均工资(万元)	4.5	17.3
运营环境	科教资源	高校数量	高等学校数量(所)	0	93
		双一流高校数量	双一流高校数量(所)	0	34
		高学历人才	大学生数量(万人)	0	105.7
	科研机构	国家重点实验室	国家重点实验室数量(个)	0	82
	科研机构	科研投入	R&D内部经费支出(万元)	0	2233.6
	政策环境	布局政策	是否有数据中心准入标准(1: 有；0: 无)
安全导向	数据安全	-	-	-	-
	地质环境	地质灾害	地震、滑坡等灾害数量(起/年)	3	21640
	灾害风险	环境灾害	台风、洪水等灾害面积(万hm²/年)	196.8	1650.1

	一级指标	二级指标	2016年	2017年	2018年	2019年
需求导向	经济发展水平	人均GDP	414.0^**	348.5^***	871.3^**	119.7^**
	市场邻近性	区位条件	-0.7	-3.6^**	-7.0^**	-15.4^**
	市场邻近性	交通环境	1.2	2.0	12.5	10.6
	信息化水平	互联网发展	2.8^*	5.7^**	23.2^**	1.1^**
	数字产业	高技术企业	0.2^*	0.2^*	0.1^*	7.3^*
成本导向	用电成本	电价	-2.0	-1.9	-2.6	-7.1
		温度	-2.3	-2.5	-0.3	-0.3
		降水	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	-0.5
	用地成本	土地价格	-0.1	-0.1^**	0.9^**	0.4^**
	人力成本	人均收入水平	0.1^**	0.1^***	0.2^***	5.4^***
运营环境	科教资源	高校数量	1.2^**	1.5^***	3.7^***	1.5^***
	科研机构	国家重点实验室	1.9	4.5	2.4	15.3
	科研机构	科研投入	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
	政策环境	布局政策	-	2.9^***	5.8^**	24.6^**
安全导向	地质环境	地质灾害	-0.0	-0.0	-0.1	-0.1
安全导向	灾害风险	环境灾害	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
样本量			289	289	289	289
对数似然值			-459.4	-705.6	-771.4	-900.2
Likelihood ratio Chi²(df.)			117.8^***	170.3^***	148.3^***	179.5^***

	一级指标	二级指标	2016年	2017年	2018年	2019年
需求导向	经济发展水平	人均GDP	1.0^**	0.08^**	0.09^**	0.07^**
	市场邻近性	区位条件	-0.01	-0.01^*	-0.09^**	-0.02^**
	市场邻近性	交通环境	0.23	0.12	0.15	0.37
	信息化水平	互联网发展	0.09^*	0.02^**	0.03^**	0.02^**
	数字产业	高技术企业	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.04^*
成本导向	用电成本	电价	-1.23	-7.13	-3.7	-15.8
		温度	-0.15	-0.06	-0.08	-0.23
		降水	-0.04	-0.03	-0.01	-0.01
	用地成本	土地价格	-0.07	-0.02^**	0.06^**	0.01^**
	人力成本	人均收入水平	0.03^**	0.02^**	0.04^**	0.09^**
运营环境	科教资源	高校数量	0.05^**	0.04^**	0.05^**	0.11^**
	科研机构	国家重点实验室	0.03	0.03	0.06	0.09
	科研机构	科研投入	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0
	政策环境	布局政策	-	1.9^**	3.4^**	3.07^**
安全导向	地质环境	地质灾害	-0.00	-0.00	-0.00	-0.1
安全导向	灾害风险	环境灾害	-0.06	-0.01	-0.03	-0.1
样本量			289	289	289	289
对数似然值			-96.32	-143.86	-212.15	-265.71
Likelihood ratio Chi²(df.)			83.91^***	124.90^***	179.98^***	198.02^***

Spatial evolution of new infrastructure and its determinants: A case study of big data centers

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[2]	ZHANG Baiping, YAO Yonghui, XIAO Fei, ZHOU Wenzuo, ZHU Lianqi, ZHANG Junhua, ZHAO Fang, BAI Hongying, WANG Jing, YU Fuqin, ZHANG Xinghang, LIU Junjie, LI Jiayu, JIANG Ya. The finding and significance of the super altitudinal belt of montane deciduous broad-leaved forests in central Qinling Mountains [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(9): 2236-2248.
[3]	ZHANG Tian, HUANG Xiaoyan, LI Peng, DANG Xiaohu, CAO Xiaoshu, DENG Mingjiang. Basic theories and construction layout of eco-economic pivotal zonesin northwest China based on "Three Water Lines" strategy [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(9): 2154-2173.
[4]	LIU Zemiao, HUANG Xianjin, LU Xuehe, LI Shengfeng, QI Xinxian. China's carbon neutrality path prediction under the shared social economic paths [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(9): 2189-2201.
[5]	LIU Xuanyu, LIU Yungang. "Marine ontology" and marine territorial governance in South China Sea [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(9): 2374-2388.
[6]	XIONG Juhua, GAO Yang, WU Hao, SUN Weijun, LIU Xiaoqian, LIU Jianbao, YANG Gang, ZHANG Zhonghao, MAO Dehua. Exploring the integrative development paths of geographic sciences from the perspective of National Natural Science Foundation of China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 1839-1850.
[7]	LI Xiaojian. History of the ideas on economic geography in China: Period focus, evolution and prospect [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 1873-1891.
[8]	GONG Shengsheng, WANG Wuwei, YANG Linsheng, CHAI Yanwei, ZHOU Suhong, HUANG Lei, WANG Lan, CHENG Yang, GE Miao, LUO Yongjun. The key fields and action suggestions of geography participating in the construction of Healthy China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 1851-1872.
[9]	WANG Xiaohua, YANG Yuqi, LUO Xinyu, WEN Tao. The spatial correlation network and formation mechanism of China's high-quality economic development [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 1920-1936.
[10]	CHEN Shuting, LI Yurui, PAN Wei, WANG Wulin, JIN Fengjun. Evolution of China's overland transportation dominance and its economic effect: A county-level analysis [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 1937-1952.
[11]	LIN Zhihui, CHEN Ying, LIU Xianfeng, MA Yaofeng. Spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of cooperation network of China's inbound tourism cities [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(8): 2034-2049.
[12]	YIN Yinghua, PENG Xiaozong, ZHAI Limei, ZHANG Yitao, WANG Hongyuan, LIU Hongbin. Nitrogen fertilizer reduction potential in the main rice producing region of black soil in Northeast China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(7): 1650-1661.
[13]	GAO Jiangbo, LIU Lulu, GUO Linghui, SUN Dongqi, LIU Wanlu, HOU Wenjuan, WU Shaohong. Synergic effects of climate change and phenological variation on agricultural production and its risk pattern in black soil region of Northeast China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(7): 1681-1700.
[14]	TIAN Hao, LIU Lin, ZHANG Zhengyong, CHEN Hongjin, ZHANG Xueying, WANG Tongxia, KANG Ziwei. Spatiotemporal diversity and attribution analysis of land surface temperature in China from 2001 to 2020 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(7): 1713-1729.
[15]	SUN Sanbai, ZHANG Qingping, LI Ran, ZHANG Keyun. The evolution process of China's regional income inequality and net wealth inequality [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(6): 1411-1429.