1949年以前青藏高原探险和科学考察活动概况

doi:10.11821/dlxb202207001

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper reviewed the main expedition and scientific investigation activities on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) before 1949. The history of scientific investigations on the TP can be divided into four stages: (1) The investigations in ancient times were mainly sporadic records of geographical phenomena in some parts of the TP by Chinese monks and Western Christian missionaries. (2) In the late Qing Dynasty, foreign and Chinese scholars and explorers, mainly Westerners, carried out preliminary scientific investigations. (3) 1912-1949, Chinese scholars began to take part in sino-foreign investigation teams to explore the TP. (4) Chinese scholars led scientific investigations in some regions during the Period of the Republic of China. The expedition on the TP mainly focused on geographical description, data collection, and single-subject investigation and research before the Qing Dynasty, which changed to the measurement of geographical elements with simple scientific instruments and in-depth research on a certain topic (such as vegetation) in some regions during the Period of the Republic of China. A remarkable feature of the investigations by Chinese scholars on the TP during the Period of the Republic of China was that they changed from cooperation with Western scientists in joint scientific investigations to independent investigation of geography, geomorphology, geology, meteorology, climate and plants. Some achievements by Chinese researchers have spread worldwide, which expanded the domestic and international understanding of the TP.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, expedition and scientific investigation, ancient times, Qing Dynasty, 1912-1949, before 1949

CHEN Fahu, WANG Yajun, DING Lin, YAO Tandong. The expedition and scientific investigation activities on the Tibetan Plateau before 1949[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(7): 1565-1585.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Overview of some investigation on the Tibetan Plateau before 1949

考察人及生卒年份	考察人身份	考察时间	考察地点、路线 (地点后面数字对应于图2中标示的考察地点)	考察内容
法显约377—422年	僧人、旅行家、探险家	402年东晋	长安—陇山—河西走廊—敦煌—鄯善—坞夷诸国—于阗—塔克拉玛干—帕米尔高原(124)—北天竺—……	记录各地自然地理和人文地理情况^[20]
玄奘(陈祎) 602—664年	僧人、旅行家、探险家	628年 644年唐	长安—兰州—吐鲁番—焉耆—温宿—凌山—大清池(伊塞克湖) —……—天竺天竺—帕米尔高原(124)—塔里木盆地南缘—莎车—于阒—长安	记录沿途地理、宗教、语言、人种等^[22]
安夺德(Antonio de Andrade) 1580—1634年	葡萄牙的耶稣会士	1624年明末	德里—哈得瓦—喜马拉雅山(97)—恒河—巴德里德—德阿湖(109) 或德伯湖—马纳山口(108)—扎布让(107),抵达阿里(104)南部	测量高度(或深度)与纬度,记述旅途天数、道路、山川和地貌,气候变化等
徐霞客 1587—1641年	地理学家旅行家	1639年前明末	在云南艰苦跋涉,在丽江一带到过金沙江	调查地貌、江河、水文、地质、气象、植物、动物、泉瀑、地热、火山等众多方面^[30]
白乃心 (Jean Grueber) 1623—1680年	奥地利的耶稣会士	1661年清代	北京—西宁(10)—拉萨(78)—库蒂 (尼泊尔)—……	沿途地理测量,搜集记录政治、经济、文化、科学、交通和物产方面情况等^[25]
德西迪利 (Ippolito Desideri) 1684—1733年	意大利的耶稣会士	1716—1721年清代	列城—拉萨(78)—江孜(83)—聂拉木(94) (西藏)	记录地貌、交通、山川、湖泊、气候、物产、资源、城镇、村落和政治制度、民情风俗、文化艺术、藏传佛教等^[26]
松筠 1752—1835年	清代大臣	1794—1799年清代	1795年春、1797年秋、1798年春在后藏巡边,主要是西藏的西、南、北3个方位	记载各地的地形地势、气候冷暖、管辖区域、道路等情况
纳英·辛哈 (Nain Singh)	印度测绘人员	1865年 1874—1875年清代	1865：尼泊尔—喜马拉雅山(97)—拉萨(78)、雅鲁藏布江上游(84) 1874—1875：列城—西藏中部(125)—班公湖(110)西端鲁公—拉萨(78)、雅鲁藏布江中部	从事测量,并收集气象观测资料,使用沸点高度表测定高度等
阿尔芒·戴维 (Fr Jean Pierre Armand David) 1826—1900年	法国传教士动物学家植物学家	1867—1874年清代	四川省雅安、夹金山(126)等地考察	主要是从事生物研究,采集标本
米哈伊尔·斯科别列夫（Mikhail Skobeleff）1843—1882年	俄国军事家	1876年清代	阿赖山脉(123)、大喀喇库里湖(116)、乌孜别里山口(30)、白马山口(121)等地	实地考察地形
法兰西斯·杨哈斯班（Francis Younghusband） 1863—1942年	英国探险家、战略家、外交家	1889年 1890年 1903—1904年清代	1889年：经喀喇昆仑山口(118)进入新疆,调查了从塔什库尔干(114)通往坎巨提(117)北部所有山口、叶尔羌河上源; 1890年：考察塔克敦巴什帕米尔(124)、大帕米尔(120)、小帕米尔(124)、阿尔楚尔帕米尔(124),返回喀什噶尔(105) 1903—1904年：拉萨(78)及其周边区域	实地考察,绘制地图、地质矿产探察、收集动植物标本、气象观测、地理勘测等^[43,58]
鲍尔 (Hamilton Bower) 1858—1940年	英国探险家	1891年清代	自列城向东,横贯西藏,抵达川边	实地探测^[42]
斯文·赫定 (Sven Anders Hedin) 1865—1952年	瑞典地理学家探险家	1894—1908年清代	1894年：塔什干—阿莱谷(123)—赤水河—喀吉尔垭口(122)—喀喇湖(116)—兰戈库尔湖(119)—慕士塔格峰下(115)—喀什 1896年：从新疆且末县南部,进入通往青藏高原的山路入口,越过可可西里山(77)、托素湖(52)、可鲁克湖(51)、喀喇湖(116)、青海湖(27)、库班寺等地 1900—1901年：新疆且末、阿尔金山(96)、藏北山地、阿亚克库木湖(85)、……、雅鲁藏布江(84)、安多默珠(81)后返回新疆营地、雅江、色林措湖(87)、波仓藏布江(91)、佩鲁泽措湖、罗多克、昂波措、列城等地 1906—1908年：列城、昌喇山口、班公措(110)、马尔斯米克拉山口(112)、阿克赛钦湖(106)、雅西尔湖、普尔错(99)、藏北、雅江、昂孜措湖(92)、雅江(20)、日喀则(88)、廓尔拉垭口(喜马拉雅山脉(97)、库比藏布(93)、玛旁雍措湖(100)、拉昂错(101)、喀拉喀什河谷(111)、桑莫垭口、扎日南木错(95)、昂拉仁错(98)等地	沿途测绘,绘制地图,逐日记录气象信息等^{[40,50⇓⇓⇓⇓ -55]}
台飞 (Albert Tafel) 1876—1935年	德国探险家地理学家藏学家	1905—1907年清代	1905年：兰州—狄道—河州(5)—西宁(10)—湟源(14)—青海湖(27)—西宁(10) 1906年：西宁(10)—贵德(12)—青海南山(26)—塔拉草原—巴彦淖尔—达连海(23)—更尕海(28)—鄂拉山(31)—多罗池(34)—托逊池—柴达木盆地(19)—巴隆(44)—翻越布尔汗布达山(54)—阿拉克湖西(47)—星宿海(127)—黄河河源(57)—翻越巴颜喀拉山(43)—沿楚玛尔河(64)向西—柴达木盆地(19)—诺木洪(56)—都兰(41)寺—青海湖南(27)—西宁(10) 1907年：西宁(10)—丹噶尔(13)—恰卜恰(24)—拉布寺(48)—玉树(49)—过金沙江(18)—甘孜(8)—打箭炉厅—章谷屯(11)—懋功厅(11)—松潘厅(1)—索宗寺—洮州(3)—拉卜楞寺(6)—河州(5)—兰州	收集标本,绘制地图,地质勘查,拍摄相片,调查沿途民俗、语言、人种差异等^[63]
约翰·布鲁克 (John Weston Brooke) 1880—1908年	英国探险家	1906—1908年清代	1906—1907：通天河(61)—那曲卡(73)—当拉山口(71)—肃州(40) 1908：成都—汶川(2)—道孚(16)—打箭炉—杂谷脑(4)—嘉定—雅州—宁远—美姑	考察测量,标本采集等
有泰 1844—1910年	清代驻藏大臣	1904—1907年清代	拉萨(78)	记录每日天气概况、物候、气象灾害等实况^[65]
陈渠珍 1882—1952年	清代武官	1909—1912年清代	成都—雅安—康定—恩达(55)—昌都(46)—江达(42)—工布(67)—波密(58)—鲁朗(63)—青海无人区—唐古拉山(76)—通天河(61)—昆仑山口(90)—柴达木(19)—丹噶尔厅(13)—兰州—西安	记录沿途自然地理、人文地理情况等^[10]
弗里德里克·贝利(Frederick Marshman Bailey) 1882—1967年	英国探险家	1913年 1922年 1912—1949年	1913：雅鲁藏布江湾的白马岗(59)—门隅—隆子(70)—乃东(75)—曲松(72)—加查(69)—朗县(68)—米林(66)—林芝(65),八宿(50)—波密(58)—工布(67)—错那(74)宗,从门隅回到印度 1922：亚东(86)—不丹河—喜马拉雅山(97)—羊卓雍湖东南(79)—江孜(83)—噶大克(103)	测绘路线图,测量高度,绘制地形及行程路线图,采集动植物标本等^[69]
金敦·沃德 (Francis Kingdon Ward) 1885—1958年	英国植物学家探险家	1909—1950年 1912—1949年	考察西藏、西康等地,如芒康(38)、昌都(46)和四川巴塘(36)、三江峡谷地区、藏东察瓦龙(39)、锡金(89)、雅鲁藏布江、南迦巴瓦峰(60)、加拉(62)白垒峰地区、伊洛瓦底江与察隅河的分水岭地区、察隅河、察隅(45)、然乌湖边(53)和八宿(50)、怒江河谷等地。	地理探测,采集植物标本等^[73⇓-75]
约瑟夫·洛克 (Joseph Charles Francis Rock) 1884—1962年	美籍奥地利探险家人类学家植物学家	1922—1949年 1912—1949年	川、甘、滇以及青海等地区,其中3次在岷山和阿尼玛卿山(33)之间山谷河谷地带考察在康区(丽江、滇西北、康定、青海南部等地)游历考察、生活20余年	拍摄资源照片,测绘地形地图,搜集植物标本和种子等
朱塞佩·图齐 (Giuseppe·Tucci) 1894—1984年	意大利藏学家东方学家	1929—1948年 1912—1949年	8次进藏多次广泛考察了拉达克(113)寺院建筑	收集西藏文化资料、详细记录、拍摄照片
奥古斯都·甘塞（Augusto Gansser） 1910—2012年	瑞士地质学家	1936年	喜马拉雅山(97)和南藏进入西藏的普兰(102)境内	地质考察、岩石学研究^[78]
李宪之 1904—2001年	气象学家气象教育家 (北京大学物理系学生)	1928年 1912—1949年	柴达木盆地西北部的铁木里克(80)	气象观测
任乃强 1894—1989年	藏学家、历史地理学家、民族学家 (二十四军军部川康边区视察员)	1929—1930年	泸定(7)、康定、丹巴(11)、道孚(16)、炉霍(22)、甘孜(8)、瞻化 (新龙)(29)、理化(理塘)(25)、雅江(20)等县城	实地踏勘、调查^[91]
郝景盛 1903—1955年	林学家、植物学家 (北京大学生物系学生)	1930年 1912—1949年	在青海湖(27)东部和南部、黄河源(57)以西的地区,大致是北到大通河(15),南至阿尼玛卿山(33)	采集植物标本
徐近之 1908—1981年	地理学家气象学家 (中央大学)	1931—1936年 1912—1949年	青海、青海湖(27)、拉萨(78)、纳木错湖(82)、横断山(37)	实地测绘、气象观测^{[96,98 -99]}
刘慎谔 1897—1975年	植物学家、林学家 (北平研究院植物学研究所)	1932年 1912—1949年	西藏北境	采集植物标本
孙健初 1897—1952年	石油地质学家 (中央地质调查所)	1935年 1912—1949年	兰州—西宁(10)—湟源日月山(17)—贵德县(12)—共和县(21)— 都兰县(41)—茶卡盐湖(35)—青海湖(27),祁连山脉(32)	采集标本、测绘地质图、考察地层情况及地层分界^[103⇓-105]
崔克信 1909—2013年	地质学家、古地理学家 (西康省地质调查所)	1939—1950年	西康省的道孚(16)、炉霍(22)、甘孜(8)和瞻化(29)等; 巴塘(36)、宁静(芒康)(38)和盐井一带,大渡河至安宁河以西、金沙江(18)以东广大高原及其边缘地区	调查地质情况、石油矿藏、矿产资源,路线地质网调查等

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

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The expedition and scientific investigation activities on the Tibetan Plateau before 1949

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