中国社会升级的测度与时空格局及驱动机制

doi:10.11821/dlxb202112012

Abstract

Abstract:

Social upgrading refers to the process of improvement in the quality of employment and securing basic rights of workers as social actors. It is an emerging hot research field of labour geographies in recent years. However, domestic human geography research has been mainly focused on economic upgrading with little attention paid to social upgrading. This paper fills the research gap by establishing a comprehensive index to quantitatively measure social upgrading and revealing the spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of social upgrading in China since the mid-1990s, using spatial analysis methods and quantitative models. Main findings of the paper include: (1) Social upgrading in China was improved, with its social upgrading index increasing from 0.358 to 0.445 during 1996-2017. (2) The eastern coastal area is the main upgrading area, especially the three urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta and Peral River Delta. (3) Regional differences of social upgrading among the eastern, central and western regions were narrowed and the differentiation of development rates was alleviated. The central and western regions have been catching up with their eastern partner, despite that the coastal provinces will continue to be the leading areas for social upgrading in China. (4) Factors, including economic development, industrial innovation, economic globalization, labor skill level and state governance, have significant effects in driving regional social upgrading. The effects of these factors are not simply positive or negative in terms of their relationship with social upgrading, suggesting the complexity of social upgrading processes and global-local impacts on it. It is argued that economic growth does not necessarily bring about social upgrading. Rather, promoting social upgrading depends on the improvement in the quality of economic development. The paper contributes to the literature by providing a quantitative framework for analyzing social upgrading at the macro-level and advancing the understanding of geographical differences and driving mechanisms of social upgrading. The paper concludes by proposing some policies for promoting social upgrading and high-quality development in China and discussing its implications for future research.

Key words: social upgrading, economic upgrading, employment quality, regional differences, high-quality development

HUANG Gengzhi, ZHOU Jin. Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and driving mechanism of social upgrading in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(12): 3043-3060.

Figures/Tables 8

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 3

Estimation results of regression analysis for driving factors of social upgrading

解释变量	全国		东部		中部		西部
	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4	模型5	模型6	模型7	模型8
	FE	OLS	PCSE	OLS	PCSE	OLS	PCSE	OLS
gdp_r	-0.0034^***	-0.0037^***	-0.0026^***	-0.0026^***	-0.0019^**	-0.0019^*	-0.0029^***	-0.0029
s_gdp	-0.0970	-0.0694^*	0.1312	0.1312	0.0188	0.0187	-0.2992^***	-0.2992^**
t_gdp	-0.0509	-0.0100	0.1929^*	0.1929	-0.2385^***	-0.2385^***	-0.1973^**	-0.1973^*
p_t	0.0399	0.1550^**	0.1181	0.1181	0.1941	0.1941	-0.0511	-0.0511
cpi	0.0007^**	0.0007^**	0.0018^***	0.0018^***	0.0013	0.0013^*	0.0011^***	0.0011^**
uc_r	-0.0464^**	-0.1022^***	-0.0508	-0.0508	0.1187^***	0.1187	-0.0740^***	-0.0740^**
fa_gdp	0.0510^***	0.0409^***	0.0346^***	0.0346^**	0.0281^*	0.0281^**	0.0447^**	0.0447^*
total_p	0.0072^***	0.0083^***	0.0075^***	0.0075^**	0.0068^**	0.0068	0.0045^***	0.0045^**
tax_gdp	-0.0636	-0.1367	-0.3956^*	-0.3956	-0.2868	-0.2868	0.2381	0.2381
rd_gdp	0.9461^***	1.0412^***	0.7624^***	0.7624^**	-1.0957	-1.0957	0.4175	0.4175
pat_rd	0.0488^***	0.0619^***	0.0144	0.0144	-0.0318	-0.0318	0.0483^**	0.0483^**
tm_per	-6.58E-07	4.27E-07	-7.09E-07	-7.09E-07	4.45E-06	4.45E-06	-1.79E-05^***	-1.79E-05^***
new_inc	-0.0429	-0.0164	0.0583^*	0.0583	-0.0989^***	-0.0989^***	-0.0213	-0.0213
exp_gdp	0.0010	0.0539^***	0.0003	0.0003	-0.2496^**	-0.2496	-0.0761	-0.0761
exp_t	0.1829	-0.0647	0.2058^***	0.2058^**	1.9373^**	1.9373^**	1.2498	1.2498
fdi	2.48E-08	1.33E-08	5.57E-09	5.57E-09	1.93E-07^*	1.93E-07^*	6.68E-07^***	6.68E-07^**
jc_r	4.7713^***	3.5663^**	6.4832^***	6.4831^***	2.2433	2.2433	0.1182	0.1182
he_r	-1.9714^***	-1.7024^***	-3.4209^***	-3.4209^**	-3.0177^***	-3.0177^***	-1.1458^**	-1.1458
fp_gdp	-7.0470^***	-5.9210^***	-9.5921^***	-9.5921^**	-6.9995^***	-6.9995^***	-0.2289	-0.2289
gr_gdp	0.3494^**	0.1000	0.4985^*	0.4985^*	0.6164^***	0.6164^**	0.0958	0.0958
c	0.6820^***	0.7180^***	-0.9122	0.3277^**	-7.6931^**	0.3743^**	-3.0584	0.7221^***
N	682	682	242	242	176	176	264	264
R²		0.8734	0.9368	0.9368	0.8844	0.8844	0.8910	0.8910
F	734.92^***

Tab. 3

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评价维度	一级指标	二级指标	标准化处理	权重
就业	就业率	就业人数年均增长率(%)	+	0.0413
		第二产业就业率(%)	+	0.0405
		第三产业就业率(%)	+	0.0457
		城镇就业人数/总就业人数(%)	+	0.0396
		城镇职工/总就业人数(%)	+	0.0392
		私营和个体人数/总就业人数(%)	+	0.0394
	就业机会	本期单位登记招聘人数(人)	+	0.0377
	失业率	失业率(%)	-	0.0412
	有酬工作	城镇单位在岗职工平均工资(元)	+	0.0388
	有酬工作	劳动报酬支出占GDP的比例(%)	+	0.0408
	劳动环境	认定工伤人数占总就业人数的比(人/十万人)	-	0.0412
社会保障	社会保障	医保覆盖率(%)	+	0.0481
基本权利	受教育	受大专以上教育就业人数占比(%)	+	0.0396
	无性别歧视	女性就业人数占比(%)	+	0.0411
		就业人员中受大专以上教育男女占比差异	-	0.0414
	参与工会	工会会员数占就业人数比例(%)	+	0.0401
		工会密度(个/万人)	+	0.0151
社会对话	谈判协商	集体争议案件数(件)	-	0.0413
		劳动争议案件密度(件/万人)	-	0.0413
		劳动争议案件调解成功率(%)	+	0.0412
	劳动仲裁	劳动争议仲裁胜诉率(%)	+	0.0455
	工会作用	建立劳动争议委员会的基层工会数占比(%)	+	0.0399
		工会参与调解争议案件成功率(%)	+	0.0401
	经济民主	已实施的合理化建议数(件)	+	0.0408
		职工代表大会密度(个/万人)	+	0.0391

一级变量	二级变量	衡量指标
经济发展	经济增长	GDP增长率(gdp_r)
	经济稳定	居民消费价格指数(cpi)
	经济结构	第二产业增加值占比(s_gdp)
		第三产业增加值占比(t_gdp)
		生产性服务业增加值占第三产业增加值的比重(p_t)
		消费支出占GDP的比重(uc_r)
	质量效益	全社会固定资产投资/GDP(fa_gdp)
		全社会劳动生产率(total_p)
		税收/GDP(tax_gdp)
产业创新	R&D	R&D经费/GDP(rd_gdp)
		发明专利申请授权量与R&D经费之比(件/万元)(pat_rd)
	技术市场	人均技术市场成交额(元/万人)(tm_per)
	新产品	规模以上工业企业新产品销售收入/主营业务收入(new_inc)
经济全球化	出口贸易	出口额占全国出口总额的比重比(exp_t)
		出口额占GDP的比重(exp_gdp)
	FDI	外商投资企业在中国投资额(万美元)(fdi)
劳动技能水平	职业教育	技校学生在校人数/常住人口数(jc_r)
	高等教育	高等学校在学生人数/常住人口数(hc_r)
政府治理	制度质量	地方财政收入中罚没款收入占GDP的比重(fp_gdp)
	政府管制	地方政府财政收入占GDP的比重(gr_gdp)

Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and driving mechanism of social upgrading in China

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