祁连山冰川服务价值评估及其时空特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb202101014

Abstract

Abstract:

Glaciers provide essential resources and services for human well-being and socio-economic development in arid regions, and estimation on service value of glaciers and its spatiotemporal characteristics are vital for socio-economic sustainable development and environmental protection. Based on the first and second glacier inventories, this research firstly constructed an assessment system of glacier service value. The glacier service value and its variation with time and space were then estimated by combining the unit area service price method, equivalent factor method and glacier service change index. The total glacier service value in the Qilian Mountains for 2016 was 24354 million yuan. The main parts were climate regulation and runoff regulation, which occupied 60.58% and 33.14% of the total value, respectively. The minor parts were freshwater supply and hydropower, which contributed 3.47% and 1.75% to the total, respectively. The service value of the rest parts was about 259 million yuan. For glacier service value of the watersheds in the Qilian Mountains, Shule River ranked first with 7771 million yuan, or 31.91%, followed by Haerteng River with 4321 million yuan (17.74%) and Beida River with 3281 million yuan (13.47%). From an administrative perspective, the glacier service value of the Qilian Mountains in Qinghai province was 1138 million yuan higher than that of Gansu province. For Qinghai, Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture had the highest glacier service value with 11124 million yuan, accounting for 45.68%. For Gansu, the correspondent value was Jiuquan with 7758 million yuan, or 31.86%. During the period of 1956-2010, the loss of glacier service value in the Qilian Mountains increased faster from west to east, reaching 435 million yuan. This suggested that the change of glacier service value in the study region showed an obvious longitudinal and zonal differentiation.

Key words: glaciers, function and service, value estimation, spatiotemporal characteristics, Qilian Mountains

SUN Meiping, MA Weiqian, YAO Xiaojun, ZHANG Mingjun, LI Zhongqin, QIN Dahe. Assessment and spatiotemporal characteristics of service valueof glaciers in the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(1): 178-190.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 1

Evaluation methods and parameters on glaciers service value in the Qilian Mountains

服务类型	评价指标	公式	参数	测算依据
供给服务	淡水资源供给	市场价值法 $V w = V GRC × ρ g ρ w × P w$	V_w为冰川淡水资源供给价值(元);V_GRC为冰储量年变化量(km³/a);冰川密度(ρ_g)为0.917×10³kg/m³;水的密度(ρ_w)为1.0×10³kg/m³;P_w为淡水资源价格,参考2016年祁连山区供水价格1.75元/m³。	将冰储量年变化值折算为冰川为社会生态环境提供的年淡水资源量,根据水价计算其经济价值。
	水力发电	影子价格法 $V p = V m × RC × P p$	V_p为冰川水力发电价值(元);祁连山冰川融水(V_m)取值为11.32×10⁸ m³/a^[1];RC为单位库容发电量,祁连山区典型水库年平均单位库容发电量约为1.46 (kW·h)/m³;P_p为水力发电价格,参考2016年祁连山区小水电上网电价0.257元/(kW·h)。	将冰川融水折算为祁连山区水库的库容总量,根据该区单位库容发电量和水力发电价格计算冰川水力发电的价值。
调节服务	气候调节	影子价格法 $V c = (W s + W g) × η × P e W s = S g × R × α g × α s$ $W g = V GRC × ρ g × q g$	V_c为冰川气候调节价值(元);S_g为第二次冰川编目冰川面积(km²);R为祁连山区单位面积太阳辐射年总量(MJ/(m²·a));冰川反照率(α_g)为0.6^[1];地形遮蔽率(α_s)取值0.5;V_GRC为冰储量年变化量(km³/a);ρ_g为冰川密度;冰川的融解潜热(q_g)为3.35×10⁵ J/kg;P_e为电费价格,参考2016年该区域各行业平均电价0.51元/(kW·h);η为热电能量转换效率。	将冰川表面反射太阳辐射能与冰川消融吸收热量之和作为冰川抑制气候变暖的贡献值,然后将热能转换为电能,以电价计算冰川气候调节的价值^[17]。
	径流调节	影子工程法 $V r = V m × P r$	V_r为冰川径流调节价值(元);V_m为祁连山冰川融水(m³/a);P_r为2016年平均水库库容造价7.131元/m³。	将冰川融水转换为山区水库容量,再结合单位水库蓄水成本计算冰川径流调节价值。
	气体调节	影子价格法 $V g = V S O 2 + V N O x V S O 2 = Q S O 2 × S g × P S O 2$ $V N O x = Q N O x × S g × P N O x$	V_g为冰川气体调节价值(元); $Q S O 2$ 和 $Q N O x$ 分别为单位面积冰川吸收SO₂和氮氧化物的量,参考甘肃省和青海省SO₂和氮氧化物排放强度;S_g为第二次冰川编目冰川面积(km²); $P S O 2$ 和 $P N O x$ 分别为2016年SO₂和氮氧化物治理费用(1.689元/kg和0.887元/kg)。	按照祁连山冰川面积大小吸收二氧化硫、氮氧化物的量及它们的治理费用来计算气体调节价值。
	净化环境	影子价格法 $V e = Q 烟尘 × S g × P 烟尘$	V_e为冰川净化环境价值(元);Q_烟尘为单位面积冰川吸收烟尘的量,参考甘肃省和青海省烟尘排放强度;S_g为第二次冰川编目冰川面积(km²);P_烟尘为2016年烟尘治理费用0.211元/kg。	根据祁连山冰川面积大小吸附烟尘量及其治理费用来计算净化环境服务价值。
支持服务	生境支持	费用支出法 $V h = S g × P h$	V_h为冰川生境支持价值(元);S_g为第二次冰川编目冰川面积（km²);P_h为单位面积祁连山生态保护与治理平均每年投资金额,参考《祁连山生态保护与建设综合治理规划(2012—2020年)》总投资79.9亿元,估算P_h为6262.98元/km²。	将冰川作为自然保护区的重要组成部分,根据单位面积祁连山生态保护与建设综合治理重大项目投资,估算冰川生境支持价值。
文化服务	美学观赏与游憩	旅行费用法与条件价值法相结合 $V t = S × R g × S g S t$	V_t为冰川美学观赏与游憩服务价值(元);S为甘肃省和青海省旅游年总收入金额;R_g为冰川相关旅游所占旅游总费用比例;S_g为第二次冰川编目冰川面积(km²);S_t为甘肃省和青海省冰川总面积(km²)。	通过向中外游客发放问卷调查统计以冰川旅游相关为目的的费用占游客旅游总费用的比例,结合甘肃和青海省旅游年总收入估算冰川美学观赏与游憩的价值。
	科学研究与环境教育	费用支出法 $V s = P t + P f$	V_s为冰川科学研究与环境教育服务价值(元);P_t为祁连山冰川每年在教学实习方面的经济价值,为529.4×10⁴元^[34];P_f为2016年国家自然科学基金中与祁连山冰川相关的项目科研经费414×10⁴元。	根据教学实习和国家自然科学基金项目经费,评估冰川科学研究与环境教育的价值。

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 3

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服务类型		服务价格法		价值当量因子法
一级指标	二级指标	服务价值(亿元)	比例(%)	服务价值(亿元)	比例(%)
供给服务	淡水资源供给	8.44	3.47	7.34	21.04
	水力发电	4.25	1.75	-	-
调节服务	气候调节	147.54	60.58	1.83	5.25
	径流调节	80.72	33.14	24.22	69.44
	气体调节	0.30	0.12	0.61	1.75
	净化环境	0.02	0.01	0.54	1.55
支持服务	生境支持	0.10	0.04	0.03	0.08
文化服务	美学观赏与游憩	2.08	0.85	0.31	0.89
	科学研究与环境教育	0.09	0.04	-	-
合计		243.54	100.00	34.88	100.00

服务类型	各生态系统服务价值所占比例(%)
服务类型	冰川(本研究)	森林^[35]	草地^[36]	农田^[37]
淡水资源供给/产品供给	3.47	16.13	3.17	36.22
水力发电	1.75	-	-	-
气候调节	60.58	1.18	39.28	9.77
径流调节/涵养水源	33.14	32.09	45.48	6.59
气体调节/固碳释氧	0.12	0.49	2.09	5.49
净化环境/废物处理	0.01	0.38	0.07	18.00
固土保肥/土壤形成与保护	-	24.03	9.87	16.03
生境支持/生物多样性	0.04	24.68	-	7.79
美学观赏与游憩/休闲旅游	0.85	1.02	0.04	0.11
科学研究与环境教育	0.04	-	-	-

Assessment and spatiotemporal characteristics of service valueof glaciers in the Qilian Mountains

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