Acta Geographica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 75 ›› Issue (8): 1557-1571.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202008001
• Population and Urban Studies • Next Articles
GAO Xiaolu1,2(), WU Danxian1,2, YAN Bingqiu3
Received:
2019-07-01
Revised:
2020-03-02
Online:
2020-08-25
Published:
2020-10-25
Supported by:
GAO Xiaolu, WU Danxian, YAN Bingqiu. Measure and distribution of urban elderly in poverty: An empirical study in Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(8): 1557-1571.
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Tab. 1
Descriptive statistics of the sample attributes in 8 communities in Beijing
变量 | 定义 | 有效样本(N = 619) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
样本数(个) | 比例(%) | |||
居住社区类型 | R1 | 中心城区混合社区,西城区白纸坊街道里仁街 | 101 | 16.3 |
R2 | 廉租房社区,东城区东花市街道广渠门北里小区 | 62 | 10.0 | |
R3 | 旧城四合院街坊社区,西城区什刹海街道 | 97 | 15.7 | |
R4 | 单位大院,海淀区万寿路街道万寿路5号院 | 84 | 13.6 | |
R5 | 经济适用房社区,昌平区回龙观街道龙腾苑6区 | 98 | 15.8 | |
R6 | 普通商品房社区,朝阳区平房地区国美第一城小区 | 94 | 15.2 | |
R7 | 县镇老旧社区,昌平区东小口镇小辛庄 | 66 | 10.7 | |
R8 | 城乡混合社区,丰台区南苑地区大红门街道 | 17 | 2.7 | |
年龄(岁) | 1 | < 60 | 144 | 23.3 |
2 | 60~64 | 161 | 26.0 | |
3 | 65~69 | 88 | 14.2 | |
4 | 70~79 | 170 | 27.5 | |
5 | ≥ 80 | 56 | 9.0 | |
性别 | 1 | 男 | 233 | 37.6 |
2 | 女 | 386 | 62.4 | |
教育程度 | 1 | 小学以下 | 40 | 6.5 |
2 | 小学毕业 | 273 | 44.1 | |
3 | 初中毕业 | 178 | 28.8 | |
4 | 高中毕业 | 69 | 11.1 | |
5 | 大专以上 | 59 | 9.5 | |
人均可支配收入 (元/月) | 1 | ≤ 1000 | 83 | 13.4 |
2 | 1001~3000 | 257 | 41.5 | |
3 | 3001~5000 | 204 | 33.0 | |
4 | 5001~10000 | 64 | 10.3 | |
5 | > 10000 | 11 | 1.8 | |
住房面积(m2) | 最小值 | 8 | ||
中值 | 70 | |||
最大值 | 1000 | |||
健康支出(元/月) | 1 | ≤ 100 | 191 | 30.9 |
2 | 101~300 | 122 | 19.7 | |
3 | 301~500 | 119 | 19.2 | |
4 | 501~1000 | 101 | 16.3 | |
5 | 1001~3000 | 78 | 12.6 | |
6 | > 3000 | 8 | 1.3 | |
身体健康 | 1 | 非常健康 | 274 | 44.3 |
2 | 基本健康 | 292 | 47.2 | |
3 | 部分自理 | 44 | 7.1 | |
4 | 无法自理 | 9 | 1.5 | |
精神健康 | 1 | 非常健康 | 376 | 60.7 |
2 | 基本健康 | 237 | 38.3 | |
3 | 部分自理 | 6 | 1.0 | |
4 | 无法自理 | 0 | 0.0 | |
居住安排* | 1 | 独自生活 | 68 | 11.0 |
2 | 他人同住 | 6 | 1.0 | |
3 | 老人同住 | 248 | 40.1 | |
4 | 子女同住 | 297 | 48.0 |
Tab. 2
Results of factor analysis for respondents in typical communities in Beijing
主成分 | 矩阵旋转后的主成分因子 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.资源 | 2.健康 | 3.独立性 | 4.性别 | |||
固有值/分散 | 2.013 | 1.646 | 1.205 | 0.900 | 1.716 | 1.694 | 1.279 | 1.074 | ||
百分比 | 22.36 | 18.29 | 13.38 | 10.00 | 19.07 | 18.82 | 14.21 | 11.93 | ||
累计百分比 | 22.36 | 40.65 | 54.04 | 64.04 | 19.07 | 37.89 | 52.10 | 64.04 | ||
因子 矩阵 | 年龄 | 0.395 | -0.241 | -0.136 | -0.070 | 0.028 | 0.454 | -0.377 | -0.295 | |
性别 | -0.259 | -0.100 | 0.443 | 0.741 | -0.161 | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.924 | ||
居住安排 | -0.226 | 0.141 | 0.536 | -0.629 | -0.150 | 0.059 | 0.895 | -0.105 | ||
住房面积 | -0.202 | 0.418 | 0.381 | 0.015 | 0.289 | -0.205 | 0.574 | 0.300 | ||
人均可支配收入 | 0.330 | 0.519 | -0.006 | 0.131 | 0.821 | 0.035 | 0.009 | -0.045 | ||
文化程度 | 0.296 | 0.510 | -0.098 | 0.061 | 0.775 | -0.045 | -0.011 | -0.134 | ||
身体健康 | 0.451 | -0.196 | 0.381 | -0.098 | 0.105 | 0.801 | 0.014 | -0.065 | ||
精神健康 | 0.254 | -0.396 | 0.325 | -0.014 | -0.237 | 0.672 | -0.065 | 0.057 | ||
健康养老支出 | 0.470 | 0.111 | 0.304 | 0.141 | 0.492 | 0.588 | -0.028 | 0.071 |
Tab. 3
Comparison of different thresholds for poverty line
贫困线门槛 | ≤ -0.5倍标准差 | ≤ -1.0倍标准差 | ≤ -1.5倍标准差 | ≤ -2.0倍标准差 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
贫困样本总数(个) | 197(31.8%) | 82(13.2%) | 35(5.7%) | 8(1.3%) | |||||||||||||
属性变量 | 水平 | 贫困样本数(个) | 贫困 比例 | 排序 | 贫困样本数(个) | 贫困 比例 | 排序 | 贫困样本数(个) | 贫困 比例 | 排序 | 贫困样本数(个) | 贫困 比例 | 排序 | ||||
年龄(岁) | < 60 | 55 | 0.382 | 1 | 25 | 0.174 | 1 | 10 | 0.069 | 1 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | ||||
60~64 | 58 | 0.360 | 2 | 18 | 0.112 | 5 | 10 | 0.062 | 2 | 2 | 0.012 | 2 | |||||
65~69 | 26 | 0.295 | 4 | 10 | 0.114 | 4 | 4 | 0.045 | 5 | 1 | 0.011 | 3 | |||||
70~79 | 45 | 0.265 | 5 | 21 | 0.124 | 3 | 8 | 0.047 | 4 | 5 | 0.029 | 1 | |||||
≥ 80 | 18 | 0.321 | 3 | 8 | 0.143 | 2 | 3 | 0.054 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | |||||
性别 | 男 | 59 | 0.253 | 2 | 17 | 0.073 | 2 | 8 | 0.034 | 2 | 2 | 0.009 | 2 | ||||
女 | 138 | 0.358 | 1 | 65 | 0.168 | 1 | 27 | 0.070 | 1 | 6 | 0.016 | 1 | |||||
居住安排 | 独自生活 | 21 | 0.309 | 3 | 6 | 0.088 | 2 | 2 | 0.029 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | ||||
他人同住 | 2 | 0.333 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | |||||
老人同住 | 62 | 0.250 | 4 | 20 | 0.081 | 3 | 11 | 0.044 | 2 | 2 | 0.008 | 2 | |||||
子女同住 | 112 | 0.377 | 1 | 56 | 0.189 | 1 | 22 | 0.074 | 1 | 6 | 0.020 | 1 | |||||
人均可支配收入 (元/月) | ≤ 1000 | 77 | 0.928 | 1 | 52 | 0.627 | 1 | 31 | 0.373 | 1 | 8 | 0.096 | 1 | ||||
1001~3000 | 118 | 0.459 | 2 | 30 | 0.117 | 2 | 4 | 0.016 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
3001~5000 | 2 | 0.010 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
5001~10000 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
> 10000 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
文化程度 | 1 | 40 | 1.000 | 1 | 33 | 0.825 | 1 | 21 | 0.525 | 1 | 7 | 0.175 | 1 | ||||
2 | 138 | 0.505 | 2 | 47 | 0.172 | 2 | 14 | 0.051 | 2 | 1 | 0.004 | 2 | |||||
3 | 18 | 0.101 | 3 | 2 | 0.011 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | |||||
4 | 1 | 0.014 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | |||||
5 | 0 | 0.000 | 5 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | |||||
身体健康 | 非常健康 | 103 | 0.376 | 1 | 55 | 0.201 | 1 | 26 | 0.095 | 1 | 8 | 0.029 | 1 | ||||
基本健康 | 82 | 0.281 | 2 | 23 | 0.079 | 3 | 9 | 0.031 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
部分自理 | 11 | 0.250 | 3 | 3 | 0.068 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
无法自理 | 1 | 0.111 | 4 | 1 | 0.111 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
精神健康 | 非常健康 | 100 | 0.266 | 3 | 37 | 0.098 | 3 | 14 | 0.037 | 3 | 1 | 0.003 | 3 | ||||
基本健康 | 92 | 0.388 | 2 | 41 | 0.173 | 2 | 19 | 0.080 | 2 | 6 | 0.025 | 2 | |||||
部分自理 | 5 | 0.833 | 1 | 4 | 0.667 | 1 | 2 | 0.333 | 1 | 1 | 0.167 | 1 | |||||
无法自理 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | |||||
健康支出 | 1 | 106 | 0.555 | 1 | 69 | 0.361 | 1 | 33 | 0.173 | 1 | 8 | 0.042 | 1 | ||||
2 | 43 | 0.352 | 2 | 8 | 0.066 | 2 | 2 | 0.016 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
3 | 23 | 0.193 | 3 | 3 | 0.025 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
4 | 19 | 0.188 | 4 | 2 | 0.020 | 4 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
5 | 6 | 0.077 | 5 | 0 | 0.000 | 5 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 | |||||
6 | 0 | 0.000 | 6 | 0 | 0.000 | 5 | 0 | 0.000 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 | 2 |
Tab. 4
Estimated poverty rates of older people by community type
ID | 居住社区类型 | 样本数 (个) | 贫困样本数 (个) | 老年贫困人口 比例(%) | 95%置信区间 (%) | 人均可支配收入≤ 1000 元/月的老年人口比例(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 中心城区混合社区 | 101 | 6 | 5.9 | 2.8~12.4 | 5.0 |
R2 | 廉租房社区 | 62 | 10 | 16.1 | 9.0~27.2 | 8.1 |
R3 | 旧城四合院街坊社区 | 97 | 4 | 4.1 | 1.6~10.1 | 3.1 |
R4 | 单位大院 | 84 | 0 | - | - | 3.6 |
R5 | 经济适用房社区 | 98 | 5 | 5.1 | 2.2~11.4 | 10.2 |
R6 | 普通商品房社区 | 94 | 10 | 10.6 | 5.9~18.5 | 20.2 |
R7 | 县镇老旧社区 | 66 | 38 | 57.6 | 45.6~68.8 | 47.0 |
R8 | 城乡混合社区 | 17 | 9 | 52.9 | 31.0~73.8 | 41.2 |
Tab. 5
Distribution of poor urban people in different areas of Beijing
功能分区 | 地域范围 | 面积 (km2) | 城市老年 人口*(千人) | 城市老年 贫困人口(千人) | 城市老年 贫困比(%) | 城市老年贫困 人口密度(人/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
首都功能核心区 | 东城、西城的32个街道 | 92.5 | 364.3 | 19.1 | 5.24 | 206.5 |
城市功能拓展区 | 朝阳、海淀、丰台、石景山的68个街道 | 594.7 | 929.5 | 60.1 | 6.47 | 101.1 |
城乡结合部 | 朝阳、海淀、丰台、石景山的25个地区办事处 | 445.2 | 111.2 | 20.4 | 18.35 | 45.8 |
中心城区以外 | 其他8区的22个街道 | 223.3 | 134.9 | 47.4 | 35.14 | 212.3 |
研究区合计 | 147个行政单元 | 1355.7 | 1539.9 | 147.0 | 9.55 | 108.4 |
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