基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类

doi:10.11821/dlxb202007004

Abstract

Abstract:

The edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is characterized by high topographic relief, significant tectonic motion, extreme precipitation, and densely populated active debris flow gullies. It is essential to scientifically categorize the debris flow gullies to understand their mechanisms, prevent and mitigate debris flow disasters, and find out strategies to restore the ecology. The present study carried out topographical measurements and statistical analyses of seven regions on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in which active debris flow gullies are concentrated. The debris flow gullies are classified into three types by means of nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Type I is formed by rainstorms in exposed bedrock areas, Type II is formed by glaciers in exposed bedrock areas, and Type III is formed by rainstorms in depositional basins. The variation in landforms of the three types is analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The sources of loose material and the characteristics of water flow and sediment transport in all the three types of debris flow gullies are discussed from the aspects of geology, topography, and climate. It is shown that the activity of Type II increases along with the warming of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the activities of types I and III increase along with the frequency of extreme rainfalls.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, categorization of debris flow gullies, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, Kruskal-Wallis test

LIANG Xinyue, XU Mengzhen, LYU Liqun, CUI Yifei, ZHANG Fengbao. Geomorphological characteristics of debris flow gullies on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1373-1385.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Main factors affecting the occurrence of debris flows

地貌参数	公式	公式释意
面积(A)	通过ArcGIS水文分析模块提取	面积是泥石流物源条件的反映,面积较大的沟谷有更多滑坡、崩塌为泥石流发生提供松散物质。
坡度(S)	$S = ta n - 1 H h L h$	H_h为岩体垂直高度;L_h为水平长度。坡度反映松散物补给方式和汇流速度,坡度越陡,松散物越容易启动。
主沟长度(L)	通过ArcGIS水文分析模块提取	主沟越长,越利于增加水量,接纳和搬运的松散碎屑物越多。
比降(G)	$G = ? H ? L$	$? H$ 为海拔变化; $? L$ 为长度变化。比降反映沟道演化状况,表征泥石流沟水动力条件和物质输送能力,在一定范围内,比降越大越易爆发泥石流。
高差(RA)	$RA = h max - h min$	h_max和h_min分别是流域内的最高和最低海拔;RA表示切口深度和地表剥蚀程度,反映流域构造活动强度和能量条件。高差越大,越易发生泥石流。
沟谷形状指数(R_f)	$R f = A L 2$	R_f反映沟谷的汇水和水动力条件。R_f大,沟道中洪峰流量越大,越有利松散物质的起动。
面积—高程积分值(HI)	$HI = h mean - h min h max - h min$	h_mean表示是流域内的平均海拔。HI反映流域受侵蚀程度,HI越大,表明流域演化阶段越年轻,可蚀性越大。
纵剖面形态指数(N)	$h = H l L N$	h及l：纵剖面上某点与河口的高差及距离;H及L：河源与河口之间的高差及水平距离;N反映泥石流发育地貌条件,可将泥石流分为幼年期、壮年期和老年期。
沟壑密度(GD)	$GD = L 总 / A$	L_总为沟谷河流的总长;GD反映流域发育的完善程度。沟壑密度越大的地区,不稳定面越多,边坡稳定性越弱,发生泥石流的可能性也越大
植被覆盖度(FVC)	$FVC = (NDVI - NDV I soil) (NDV I veg - NDV I soil)$	NDVI_soil是裸土或者无植被覆盖区域的NDVI;NDVI_veg是完全被植被覆盖的NDVI。通常植被覆盖度越高,坡面越稳定。

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Geomorphological characteristics of debris flow gullies on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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