传统村落文化景观保护性补偿模型及湘西实证

doi:10.11821/dlxb202002012

Abstract

Abstract:

Cultural landscape protection compensation is a new topic in modern human geography. In this paper, we firstly proposed the theoretical framework of cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages, and then set up the cultural landscape protection compensation model on the basis of proposed theoretical framework. Finally, we discriminated the driving factors and offered a proof to the model, which takes Xiangxi nationality autonomous prefecture in Hunan province as a case study. The results can be concluded as follows: (1) From the aspects of the traditional architectural style, the location and pattern of villages, dynamical inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage of villages, and the level of their social and economic development of villages, traditional villages in Xiangxi conforming to the implementation conditions of cultural landscape protection compensation. (2) From the aspects of landscape characteristics and values, external market recognition, self-loss, government management, etc., cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages in Xiangxi conforms to the proposed cultural landscape protection compensation model. (3) From the aspects of its driving factors, cultural landscape protection compensation features of the 82 traditional villages in Xiangxi are in accordance with the comprehensive driving mode of landscape characteristics, government management, external market and self-loss. (4) In the traditional villages of Xiangxi, the cultural landscape protection compensation can be divided into three types, namely, social and economic compensation, historical and cultural compensation, and natural environment compensation. The factors of each type, such as social economy, historical culture, natural environment, all influence the structure of the compensation model.

Key words: traditional villages, cultural landscape, protection, compensation, Xiangxi

LIU Chunla, XU Mei, LIU Peilin, ZENG Fanchao. Cultural landscape protection compensation model of traditional villages and its application in Xiangxi[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(2): 382-397.

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流派	主导范式	研究主体	研究依据	研究条件
传统流派	规范分析、实证主义	传统村落及其文化景观本身	文化景观资源的保护效益最大化	理想化、严格化
活化流派	行为主义、结构主义、人文主义	传统村落与区域发展,文化景观及其影响因素	文化景观资源保护、传统村落振兴发展的整体效益	综合化、抽象化

补偿模型要素	指标选取	数据来源	获取方法
景观特性	景观悠久性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	景观完整性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	景观乡土性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	景观典型性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	生态重要性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	生态丰富度	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
	生态协调性	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、田野考察等
政府管理	经费投入	李克特量表数据	基于典型访谈、资料分析等
	专项政策	李克特量表数据	基于典型访谈、资料分析等
外部市场	城镇居民人均可支配收入	统计数据	查阅统计年鉴、政府工作报告
	城市化率	统计数据	查阅统计年鉴、政府工作报告
	交通便捷度	到所在县城的时间距离	基于百度地图等
自我损失	投入的成本	李克特量表数据	基于典型访谈、资料分析等
	丧失的机会	李克特量表数据	基于问卷调查、典型访谈、资料分析等

村落名	主导性文化景观	文化景观代表性特质
六合村	综合型	中国土家族的传统居住地、土家族民俗博物馆。
惹巴拉村	非物质主导型	土家族原生态文化的天然搏物馆、中国土家第一寨、苗市商周文化大遗址的一部分。
万龙村	综合型	古朴厚重的土家原生态文化、明清时的传统民居、民族特色建筑。
捞车村	非物质主导型	武陵土家第一寨,原生态民族民间文化遗产博物馆、土家原生态民居博物馆。
树比村	综合型	原生态土家习俗博物馆、土家建筑博物馆、中国土家织锦之乡、明清木质建筑群。
街上村	物质主导型	明清古街、湖湘建筑与土家风味相结合。
巴沙村	物质主导型	建筑上实行了“土”与“洋”的完美融合。
老司城村	综合型	老司城遗址。
爬出科村	物质主导型	顺溪依山就势而建,传统木质结构建筑分布集中成片,保存完好。
砂土村	物质主导型	吊脚楼群,土家传统民居。
列夕村	物质主导型	河岸上的村子,典型的高地平台型土家族空间聚落形态。
伍伦村	综合型	明清传统民居保存完好、集中分布,传统农耕文化气息浓厚。
西那村	非物质主导型	土家族传统民俗、古民居。
十八洞村	非物质主导型	纯苗聚居区,苗族风情浓郁,苗族原生态文化保存完好。

成份	初始特征值			提取平方和载入			旋转平方和载入
成份	合计	方差的百分比(%)	累积百分比(%)	合计	方差的百分比(%)	累积百分比(%)	合计	方差的百分比(%)	累积百分比(%)
1	11.72	83.72	83.72	11.72	83.72	83.72	5.84	41.68	41.68
2	1.74	12.44	96.15	1.74	12.44	96.15	4.70	33.59	75.26
3	0.36	2.57	98.72	0.36	2.57	98.72	3.28	23.46	98.72

	社会经济因素	历史文化因素	自然环境因素
标准系数	0.669	0.498	0.381
T值	11.763	8.752	6.689
Sig.	0.000	0.000	0.000

Cultural landscape protection compensation model of traditional villages and its application in Xiangxi

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行政区	社会经济因素主导型	历史文化因素主导型	自然环境因素主导型
吉首市	坪年村、坪朗村、补点村	德夯村、中黄村	小溪村、齐心村、河坪村
凤凰县	黄毛坪村、早岗村、竹山村、塘坳村、大塘村、火炉坪村、东就村、塘头村芭蕉冲、泡水村、扭光村、香炉山村、关田山村、黄沙坪村、米良村	舒家塘村、拉毫村、老洞村	老家寨村、凉灯村
龙山县	树比村、街上村、巴沙村	六合村、惹巴拉村、万龙村、长春村、捞车村	老洞村
永顺县	博射坪村、大井村、芷州村	双凤村、老司城村、小溪村	爬出科村、砂土村、列夕村、伍伦村、西那村
保靖县	金落河村、新民村、木芽村、傍海村、黄金村、魏家寨村、夯吉村、梯子村	夯沙村、首八峒村	吕洞村
古丈县	李家村、中寨村、九龙村、毛坪村、翁草村、列溪村、洞溪村、宋家村	岩排溪村、老司岩村、龙鼻村
花垣县	高务村、五斗村、张刀村、芷耳村、金龙村、油麻村	板栗村	磨老村、十八洞村
泸溪县	榔木溪村、欧溪村		岩门村、芭蕉坪村

基本类型	保护性补偿特征
社会经济补偿型	此类传统村落尚未得到大规模开发、且社会经济发展水平相对滞后,补偿重点在于促进其社会经济发展、以支撑传统村落居民生存、促进发展。
历史文化补偿型	此类传统村落已得到一定程度的开发利用,补偿重点在于对其历史文化景观资源修故如旧,进一步彰显文化景观的个性特征,记住更多的历史文化韵味。
自然环境补偿型	此类传统村落的周边自然环境已受城镇化等因素的较大影响,与传统村落主体景观不相协调,补偿重点在于修复自然生态环境,使其与传统村落文化景观相得益彰。

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