中国土地利用空间格局刻画方法研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb202001011

Abstract

Abstract:

Understanding the evolving spatial pattern of land use is the basis of the theory and practice of land use/cover change (LUCC). It is helpful to optimize the use of land resources spatially and to improve the level of land use planning and management when the spatial patterns of land use are described effectively. At present, the commonalities in the scope of the spatial pattern of land use are still unclear, and research on the spatial pattern of land use has only recently begun to pay attention to the shape, patch distribution, structure, and relationships among different types of land use. In addition, the correlations among different pattern indicators have resulted in the redundancy in the pattern metrics. Further study is needed to establish the corresponding relationships between indicators and land use spatial patterns. This study summarized the area, shape, and patch distribution for land use maps as geometric characteristics, and summarized the structure and diversity as land use class characteristics. Based on the above conceptual model, an index system of land use spatial patterns was established. Then, the corresponding relationships between the indicators and the spatial patterns were established using fuzzy C-means clustering. The results indicated that the geometric characteristics of land use in China could be divided into five types: a simple large patch type, a complex large patch type, a complex small patch type, a simple small patch type, and a scattered type. Different geometric features reflected the characteristics of the area, the shape and the patch distribution and the combination of regional land use types. In 2010, there were 61 structures of land use in China, but a subset of 14 structures was the majority. The structural characteristics clustered in space and showed apparent spatial heterogeneity of different land use types. The diversity of land use in China was dominated by 3-5 categories, accounting for 66.69% of all the grids. The diversity over space was generally high in the northeast and the southeast, but low in the northwest. In summary, this study enriches the theoretical system of land use spatial pattern and fills a gap in the systematic description of the overall spatial patterns of China's land use.

Key words: land use, spatial pattern, cluster analysis, China

JU Hongrun, ZUO Lijun, ZHANG Zengxiang, ZHAO Xiaoli, WANG Xiao, WEN Qingke, LIU Fang, XU Jinyong, LIU Bin, YI Ling, HU Shunguang, SUN Feifei, TANG Zhanzhong. Methods research on describing the spatial pattern of land use types in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(1): 143-159.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 4

The characteristics and sketch map of the geometric spatial pattern of land use types

空间格局类型	划分方程 (ENN: km,AREA: km²）	几何特征	生产生态特征
简单大斑块型 (23.89%)	ENN < 0.8且AREA ≥ 50且FRAC-0.0012AREA < 1.0017	① 面积加权平均斑块面积大于50 km²; ② 形状简单; ③ 面积加权平均斑块最近距离小于0.8 km。	主要类型为草地和未利用土地,区域社会经济发展相对落后。
复杂大斑块型 (23.14%)	ENN < 0.8且AREA ≥ 50且FRAC-0.0058AREA < 0.86且FRAC-0.0012AREA ≥ 1.0017	① 面积加权平均斑块面积大于50 km²; ② 形状复杂; ③ 面积加权平均斑块最近距离小于0.8 km。	主要类型的土地利用斑块面积大,但由于与其他土地利用类型镶嵌分布,使得形状复杂。常见于耕地与建设用地镶嵌分布,区域人口聚集,社会经济水平较高;另多见于耕地、草地、林地和水体之间组合镶嵌分布,对区域生态环境的调节具有重要意义。
复杂小斑块型 (30.77%)	ENN < 0.8且FRAC ≥ 1.15且FRAC-0.0058AREA ≥ 0.86	① 面积加权平均斑块面积小于50 km²; ② 形状复杂,FRAC指数大于1.15,当面积为40 km²左右时,分形特征可达最大（即其形状的局部与整体的形状相似）; ③ 面积加权平均斑块最近距离小于0.8 km。	土地利用类型组合常见于耕地、林地、草地、水体和建设用地的镶嵌分布,区域农业、畜牧业、林业等第一产业的发展水平较高。
简单小斑块型 (17.98%)	ENN < 0.8且AREA < 50且FRAC < 1.15	① 面积加权平均斑块面积小于50 km²; ② 形状简单,FRAC指数小于1.15,接近矩形或圆形; ③ 面积加权平均斑块最近距离小于0.8 km。	区域土地利用类型组合较丰富,但由于斑块面积较小,各土地利用类型上相应的产业相对欠发达,形状简单说明受人类活动影响相对较小。
散布型 (4.23%)	ENN ≥ 0.8	① 面积加权平均斑块最近距离大于0.8 km。	同类型土地利用斑块间分布较疏散,斑块连通性较差,不利于开展聚集性生产活动,影响区域生物迁徙活动。

Tab. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

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类别	指标名称	指标缩写
面积指标	最大斑块占景观面积比例	LPI
	面积加权平均斑块面积	AREA_AM
	面积加权平均旋转半径	GYRATE_AM
形状指标	面积加权平均形状指数	SHAPE_AM
	面积加权平均斑块分维数	FRAC_AM
	面积加权平均周长面积比	PARA_AM
	面积加权平均圆度指数	CIRCLE_AM
	面积加权平均连通度	CONTIG_AM
分布指标	斑块密度	PD
	面积加权平均斑块最近距离	ENN_AM
	蔓延度指数	CONTAG
	斑块凝聚指数	COHESION
	有效网格大小	MESH
	分离指数	SPLIT
	聚合指数	AI
	边缘密度	ED
	景观形状指数	LSI
结构/多样性指标	丰富度指数	PR
	香浓多样性指数	SHDI
	辛普森多样性指数	SIDI
	改良辛普森多样性指数	MSIDI
	香浓平均度指数	SHEI
	辛普森平均度指数	SIEI
	改良辛普森平均度指数	MSIEI

Pearson 相关系数	LPI	AREA_AM	GYRATE_AM	SHAPE_AM	FRAC_AM	PARA_AM	CIRCLE_AM	CONTIG_AM
LPI	1
AREA_AM	0.94	1
GYRATE_AM	0.87	0.95	1
SHAPE_AM	-0.62	-0.67	-0.44	1
FRAC_AM	-0.49	-0.53	-0.57	0.93	1
PARA_AM	-0.66	-0.73	-0.74	0.85	0.83	1
CIRCLE_AM	-0.91	-0.96	-0.87	0.59	0.72	0.72	1
CONTIG_AM	0.66	0.73	0.75	-0.85	-0.83	-0.99	-0.72	1

Pearson 相关系数	AREA_AM	FRAC_AM	PD	ENN_AM	CONTAG	COHE-SION	MESH	SPLIT	AI	ED	LSI	PR	SHDI	SIDI	MSIDI	SHEI	SIEI	MSIEI
AREA_AM	1
FRAC_AM	-0.67	1
PD	-0.22	0.20	1
ENN_AM	-0.33	0.09	0.01	1
CONTAG	0.07	0.14	-0.05	0.1	1
COHESION	0.56	-0.37	-0.76	-0.17	0.02	1
MESH	-0.95	0.71	0.14	0.33	-0.04	-0.53	1
SPLIT	-0.74	0.45	0.13	0.14	-0.16	-0.52	0.78	1
AI	0.71	-0.88	-0.44	-0.04	0.07	0.66	-0.72	-0.63	1
ED	-0.71	0.89	0.24	0.04	-0.05	-0.45	0.75	0.64	-0.99	1
LSI	-0.70	0.89	0.23	0.03	-0.05	-0.42	0.74	0.64	-0.98	0.99	1
PR	-0.58	0.67	0.15	0.19	0.40	-0.39	0.63	0.44	-0.59	0.62	0.62	1
SHDI	-0.89	0.73	0.15	0.34	0.03	-0.51	0.94	0.71	-0.70	0.73	0.73	0.74	1
SIDI	-0.92	0.73	0.14	0.36	-0.02	-0.49	0.96	0.71	-0.70	0.73	0.72	0.66	0.98	1
MSIDI	-0.91	0.67	0.14	0.33	-0.08	-0.50	0.95	0.76	-0.69	0.72	0.71	0.64	0.98	0.99	1
SHEI	-0.82	0.61	0.08	0.41	0.00	-0.40	0.86	0.57	-0.53	0.55	0.54	0.38	0.85	0.90	0.86	1
SIEI	-0.88	0.66	0.10	0.40	-0.04	-0.44	0.92	0.64	-0.60	0.63	0.62	0.47	0.90	0.96	0.93	0.98	1
MSIEI	-0.82	0.56	0.08	0.39	-0.12	-0.40	0.86	0.62	-0.52	0.54	0.54	0.31	0.82	0.89	0.88	0.98	0.98	1

主要结构	格网数	累积百分比(%)	其他结构	格网数	累积百分比(%)	其他结构	格网数	累积百分比(%)
36	13918	14.33	125	1055	91.59	156	45	99.71
6	11838	26.51	14	880	92.50	245	39	99.75
12	11764	38.62	34	868	93.39	356	32	99.78
3	10292	49.22	16	815	94.23	1345	28	99.81
123	9149	58.64	46	735	94.99	1356	26	99.84
23	7234	66.08	145	703	95.71	235	22	99.86
2	5886	72.14	124	594	96.32	35	21	99.88
13	4438	76.71	126	440	96.77	1246	20	99.90
15	4244	81.08	1236	327	97.11	56	20	99.92
1	2817	83.98	4	315	97.43	12345	15	99.94
236	2142	86.18	135	304	97.75	456	14	99.95
136	1508	87.73	24	235	97.99	1456	11	99.96
26	1360	89.13	1245	231	98.23	12346	8	99.97
346	1331	90.50	1235	207	98.44	3456	7	99.98
			134	198	98.64	13456	4	99.98
			146	145	98.79	2356	3	99.99
			1234	142	98.94	345	3	99.99
			1346	126	99.07	2345	3	99.99
			25	120	99.19	12356	3	100.00
			2346	116	99.31	12456	1	100.00
			5	92	99.41	23456	1	100.00
			234	90	99.50	1256	1	100.00
			246	82	99.58	256	1	100.00
			45	76	99.66

Methods research on describing the spatial pattern of land use types in China

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