Fig. 1

The observed hourly precipitation from 08:00 LST 21 July, 2012 to 07:00 LST 22 July, 2012 in Beijing

Fig. 2

500 hPa weather system circulation situation field at 00:00 BT 21st July

Tab. 1

The weather research and forecasting model (WRF) building effect parameterization (BEP) scheme model setting

Fig. 3

Domain configuration and location of the study area

Fig. 4

The high-resolution land use map in the weather research and forecasting model (WRF) building effect parameterization (BEP) scheme

Fig. 5

The 2010 test simulated hourly precipitation from 08:00 LST 21 July, 2012 to 07:00 LST 22, July 2012

Fig. 6

The observed and simulated 24 h accumulated precipitation from 08:00 LST 21, July 2012 to 07:00 LST 22, July 2012 in Beijing

Fig. 7

The 24 h accumulated rainfall change from 08:00 LST 21, July 2012 to 07:00 LST 22, July 2012 in Beijing

Tab. 2

Comparison of main precipitation parameters in the rainstorm processes

Fig. 8

850 hPa wind field and humidity on July 21, 2012 at four times (16:00 LST, 18:00 LST, 20:00 LST, 21:00 LST)

Fig. 9

The average maximum convective available potential energy (CAPE) distribution on July 21, 2012 in Beijing (16:00 to 23:00 LST)

Fig. 10

The difference in the average maximum convective available potential energy between the 2010 test and 1990 test for the rainstorm event on July 21, 2012 in Beijing (16:00 to 23:00 LST)

Fig. 11

The average maximum convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) values of the rainfall process simulation results on July 21, 2012 (contour). The urban area is marked with a solid black horizontal line. The first row is the 1990 test and the second row is the 2010 test

Fig. 12

Vertical velocity cross section of the model simulation for three times (16:00 LTS, 18:00 LTS, and 20:00 LTS) July 21, 2012. The urban area is marked with a solid black horizontal line. Left is the 1990 test; right is the 2010 test

Fig. 13

A cross-section of the water vapor flux divergence of the rainfall process simulation results on July 21, 2012. The urban area is marked with a solid black horizontal line