京津冀城市群虚拟水贸易的近远程分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201912015

Abstract

Abstract:

Virtual water transfers can redistribute water resources among different regions, hence to reduce or aggregate water scarcity in one region. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which is located in the North China Plain, has long been suffered from water scarcity. Knowledge on virtual water trades within and beyond this region is vital for understanding water resources problems and making responding strategies. In this study, water footprints and virtual water in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei are computed based on the multi-regional input-output table and provincial water uses in China in 2010. Spatial patterns and characteristics of virtual water flows are analyzed, with an emphasis on separate accounting of local and external virtual water transfers. In addition, the relationships between virtual water transfers and distances from Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei to provinces where virtual water is from are examined. Main results include: (1) Water use intensities of different sectors in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei present a big variability. Agricultural water use intensity is the highest. (2) Per capita water footprints in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei present large difference, which are 405 m ³, 568 m ³ and 191 m ³, respectively. (3) Imported virtual water in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei come from different provinces all over China. Local and external water footprints are 9.14 billion m ³ and 19.85 billion m ³, respectively. The region contributing the largest share of external virtual water to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is the western region in China. (4) Overall, virtual water inflows in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei tend to come from neighbouring provinces. Average distances of virtual water inflows in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei are 1049 km, 1297 km and 688 km, respectively. (5) Beijing and Tianjin import net virtual water, indicating that the socio-economic development in Beijing and Tianjin heavily relies on external water resources. Hebei exports net virtual water, providing water resources to Beijing, Tianjin and other provinces in China. Net virtual water export in Hebei aggregates local water scarcity. The results benefit policy implications on sustainable water resources management under the framework of virtual water trade. Solutions possibly relieving water scarcity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region include increasing water use efficiency, upgrading industrial structure, promoting low water footprint consumption mode, and implementing virtual water strategy.

Key words: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, local and external virtual water, virtual water trade, water footprint, water resources management

SUN Si'ao, ZHENG Xiangyi, LIU Haimeng. Local and distant virtual water trades in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(12): 2631-2645.

Figures/Tables 7

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Direct and total water use coefficients in 30 sectors in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei (m3/104 yuan)

	直接用水系数			完全用水系数
部门	北京	天津	河北	北京	天津	河北
农林牧渔业	350.6	352.2	334.5	544.4	514.1	406.5
煤炭开采和洗选业	0.7	0.01	4.7	26.2	22.5	33.5
石油和天然气开采业	0.6	0.6	3.0	13.7	7.6	20.3
金属矿采选业	1.3	0.1	6.1	23.5	11.4	24.7
非金属矿及其他矿采选业	5.6	13.1	1.6	44.5	28.1	17.0
食品制造及烟草加工业	4.3	2.3	2.3	228.9	357.5	216.2
纺织业	7.1	11.4	2.7	125.3	181.5	165.9
纺织服装鞋帽皮革羽绒及其制品业	0.2	0.3	8.0	94.5	135.7	125.5
木材加工及家具制造业	1.5	3.9	0.3	67.4	100.9	106.0
造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业	3.1	2.2	9.8	40.7	51.7	95.0
石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业	1.9	2.1	2.4	11.2	14.0	19.0
化学工业	3.3	3.7	3.4	57.5	46.3	49.7
非金属矿物制品业	3.8	2.4	1.6	31.0	36.4	29.4
金属冶炼及压延加工业	31.5	2.0	3.2	46.0	20.5	22.5
金属制品业	1.2	0.7	0.7	27.1	24.0	27.1
通用、专用设备制造业	1.2	0.9	0.8	22.2	20.5	24.1
交通运输设备制造业	0.6	0.7	0.8	21.4	20.2	22.3
电气机械及器材制造业	0.4	0.8	0.6	22.9	20.3	23.5
通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业	0.9	0.7	0.9	10.9	16.4	16.0
仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业	0.6	0.6	0.6	16.2	22.8	18.9
其他制造业	1.2	1.1	0.3	40.3	29.0	58.8
电力、热力的生产和供应业	6.6	8.2	42.8	35.9	35.3	83.1
燃气及水的生产与供应业	0.7	0.3	0.4	32.8	19.5	20.4
建筑业	4.4	7.0	8.9	36.2	36.9	35.9
交通运输及仓储业	0.7	0.5	0.7	26.7	32.0	44.3
批发零售业	8.3	3.9	7.7	23.0	25.2	10.9
住宿餐饮业	0.5	2.8	2.3	160.3	167.7	120.0
租赁和商业服务业	8.3	2.9	5.5	45.7	35.0	76.9
研究与试验发展业	4.0	2.3	4.3	59.4	22.8	26.5
其他服务业	3.5	1.8	1.7	31.1	26.3	27.1

Tab. 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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编号	数据名称	数据来源及用途
1	中国区域间投入产出表(2010年)	由中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室编制^[30],包含全国30省市30部门投入产出关系,用于将生产过程中的直接用水量转化为最终消费品中的虚拟水量。
2	中国各省域单元2010年农业、工业、服务业用水(包括服务业与居民生活用水)	来源于中国统计年鉴与各省域单元的水资源公报。将根据数据信息3和4进一步细分为30部门用水量。
3	各省域单元23个细分工业部门用水量	来源于《中国经济普查年鉴(2008)》,用于将工业用水量分配到23个细分工业部门用水量。
4	中国地区投入产出表(2007年、2012年)	由国家统计局国民经济核算司编制^[32],提取“水的生产与供应部门”对服务业各部门的中间投入,用于将服务业用水量分配到6个细分的服务业部门。2010年的分配比例由2007年与2012年的数据插值获得。

Local and distant virtual water trades in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

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