青海喇家遗址土壤序列及史前山洪泥流灾难释光测年研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201911013

Abstract

Abstract:

Environmental change and human-land relationship evolution over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are the frontiers of global change science. The Lajia Ruins in the Guanting Basin situated in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has preserved many records of the Holocene environmental change, human activities, complex surface process evolution and abrupt catastrophic events. Therefore, the Lajia Ruins has received extensive attention from scientists from different fields, and has also attracted attention from world media. It is still quite controversial about the causation and age of the prehistoric catastrophe. After extensive field works over the years, a complete pedo-stratigraphy profile of soil and sediments has been found in the northern part of the Lajia Ruins. On the basis of field pedo-sedimentological observation and description, as well as physic-chemical analysis and OSL dating on the soil and sediment samples taken from the profile, a pedo-stratigraphic sequence and related chronology have been established in the Lajia Ruins. The results show that the profile has been developed from 12000 a BP. The pedo-stratigraphic sequence includes the Late Pleistocene Malan loess (L_1-1), Holocene transitional loess (L_t), the Middle Holocene palaeosol (S₀), the recent loess (L₀) and the modern topsoil (MS). The Middle Holocene palaeosol (S₀) is separated by three layers of red clay, which were deposited by large flash floods and mudflows during 3960-3650 a BP. These catastrophic events occurred at about 3850 a BP, 3800 a BP and 3600 a BP, respectively. The first mudflow event overflowed the gully channel and spread over a large area on the Yellow River terrace, and covered the eastern part of the large settlement of the Qijia Culture at 3850 a BP. All these facts indicate that the Lajia Ruins was destroyed by earthquakes in combination with large flash floods and mudflows coming along the gullies that originated from the hills of the Tertiary Red Formation. These results are very important in understanding environmental change and human-land relationship evolution, formation of the settlement of the Qijia Culture, pre-historical human impact and causation of catastrophe in the Guanting Basin.

Key words: Lajia Ruins, prehistoric catastrophe, mudflow event, stratigraphic sequence, OSL dating

CUAN Yuda, HUANG Chunchang, PANG Jiangli, ZHOU Yali, ZHANG Yuzhu, GUO Yongqiang, WANG Haiyan, ZHAO Qiqi. OSL dating of the pedo-stratigraphic sequence and the prehistoric flash floods and mudflows over the Lajia Ruins of Qinghai Province[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(11): 2371-2384.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Tab. 1

Pedo-stratigaphic subdivision and description of the Shanglajia profile (SLJ) in the Lajia Ruins within the Guanting Basin

地层深度	地层层位与符号	土壤学与沉积学宏观特征描述
0~60 cm	现代土壤(MS)	棕色(7.5YR4/6),粉砂质地,团粒构造,含有个别小石子,比较坚硬,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,多植物根系。
60~120 cm	全新世晚期风成黄土(L₀)	浊橙色(7.5YR6/4),粉砂质地,团块—块状构造,比较疏松,含有少量蚯蚓孔和粪团,受到一定程度的成壤改造。
120~180 cm	全新世中期古土壤层上段(S_0上)	浊红棕色(5YR5/3),粉砂质地,团粒构造,比较疏松,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,结构面有白色可溶盐粉霜沉淀,为发育成熟度很高的黑垆土,该底部对应于卡约/辛店文化时期(3600-3400 a BP)人类活动扰动层,局部可见断续的灰烬透镜体薄层。
180~222 cm	红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC₃)	橙色(2.5YR6/6),下部粉砂质粘土质地,块状构造,比较疏松,上部多砂,松散,出现山洪砂土与砂砾质透镜体夹层。
222~265 cm	全新世中期古土壤层中上段(S_0中上)	灰棕色(5YR6/2),粉砂质地,团粒—块状构造,比较疏松,含有木炭屑,属于黑垆土。
265~288 cm	红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC₂)	上部浊红棕色(2.5YR5/4),下部橙色(2.5YR6/6),粉砂质粘土质地,比较坚硬,团块块状构造。
288~298 cm	全新世中期古土壤层中下段(S_0中下)	灰棕色(5YR6/2),粉砂质地,团粒—块状构造,属于黑垆土。
298~346 cm	红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC₁)	橙色(2.5YR6/6),粉砂质粘土质地,团块—块状构造,比较坚硬。所夹暗色层为灰棕色(5YR6/2),比较坚硬。
346~390 cm	全新世中期古土壤层下段(S_0下)	灰棕色(5YR5/2),粉砂质地,团粒—团块状构造,比较疏松,裂隙和结构面含有白色可溶盐类粉霜,属于黑垆土。其顶面为喇家遗址齐家文化时期(4150-3850 a BP)聚落和人类生产生活的古地面。
390~430 cm	全新世早期过渡性风成黄土(L_t)	浊棕色(7.5YR6/3),粗粉砂质地,块状构造,疏松,受到较弱的成壤改造。
> 430 cm	晚更新世晚期马兰黄土(L_1-1)	浊黄橙色(10YR7/3),粗粉砂质地,均质块状构造,致密而疏松,含有蜗牛壳,多细小孔隙,其中有灰白色可溶盐类沉淀,向下夹有山洪砂质透镜体薄层。

Tab. 1

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Tab. 2

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

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样品编号	深度(cm)	含水量(%)	U(ppm)	Th(ppm)	K(%)	年剂量(Gy/ka)	等效剂量(Gy)	年龄(ka)
SLJ-1	55-60	20±2	2.50±0.10	9.93±0.30	1.92±0.06	2.71±0.07	3.64±0.08	1.35±0.05
SLJ-2	105-110	18±2	2.79±0.11	11.5±0.32	2.11±0.06	2.98±0.08	7.61±0.35	2.55±0.14
SLJ-3	180-185	15±2	2.42±0.10	9.94±0.30	2.05±0.06	3.07±0.15	11.20±0.32	3.65±0.15
SLJ-4	240-245	15±2	2.48±0.10	11.6±0.32	2.36±0.07	3.67±0.12	13.95±0.51	3.80±0.16
SLJ-5	290-295	13±2	2.62±0.10	11.9±0.32	2.16±0.06	3.35±0.19	12.99±0.53	3.88±0.19
SLJ-6	355-360	15±2	3.45±0.13	12.6±0.35	2.35±0.07	3.56±0.14	14.08±0.68	3.96±0.24
SLJ-7	390-395	18±2	2.77±0.11	11.1±0.31	1.98±0.06	3.09±0.10	26.82±1.22	8.70±0.47
SLJ-8	430-435	18±2	3.05±0.12	11.2±0.31	1.89±0.06	2.92±0.08	34.94±0.83	12.00±0.43

OSL dating of the pedo-stratigraphic sequence and the prehistoric flash floods and mudflows over the Lajia Ruins of Qinghai Province

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