1978年改革开放以来中国旅游业发展的地理格局

doi:10.11821/dlxb201910003

Abstract

Abstract:

China's tourism development has made significant progress since the reform and opening-up policy officially launched in 1978. Now it is high time to conduct research on how and why the geographical pattern of China's tourism development has evolved in the previous four decades on national and regional scales. Employing grounded viable data sets (namely the inbound tourism data from 1979 to 2017 and the domestic tourism data from 1991 to 2017) and multiple vibrant data analysis approaches (including the Gini coefficient, the primacy index analysis, the hot spot analysis and the Pearson correlation analysis), this paper can draw three findings. (1) China's tourism can present a distribution pattern of "high in the eastern and southern parts, but low in the western and northern parts." Meanwhile, China's inbound tourism development has long been polarized, Guangdong is the "core" of inbound tourism, Beijing and Shanghai belong to the second tier, while Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet and Ningxia lag behind. Meanwhile, the domestic tourism development has transferred from polarization to equilibrium distribution. (2) Different stages of China's tourism development exhibit various features and characteristics. Specifically, at the so-called initial modern tourism stage, inbound tourism was subject to extreme polarization, with Guangdong province taking a fatal and strategic role. Whereas, at the domestic tourism cultivating stage, the domestic tourism development in this nation was polarized spatially, though the landscape of the inbound tourism was hardly transformed (Guangdong the first, Beijing the second and Shanghai the third). When it came to the rapid development stage, Beijing was gradually surpassed by Shanghai in the realm of inbound tourism. In contrast, domestic tourism development was reasonably balanced. By the new normal stage, the landscape of the inbound tourism improved, and the first tier provinces began to take an increasing share in terms of domestic tourist reception capacity. Moreover, China's outbound tourism increased steadily at this stage, with Beijing and Shanghai playing leading roles in the citizens' overseas spending. (3) This research has identified multiple factors underlying the inbound and domestic tourism development in China, including policies, management systems, tourism demand, tourism attractions, economic level, consumption level, industrial development, investment status, traffic conditions, accommodation services, intermediary services and degree of openness.

Key words: reform and opening-up, tourism development spatial pattern, tourism development stages, influencing factors, China

ZHANG Chengming, WENG Shixiu, BAO Jigang. The geographical pattern of China's tourism development since the reform and opening-up in 1978[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 1980-2000.

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因素	现代旅游起始阶段： 1978-1988年	国内旅游培育阶段： 1989-1996年	旅游大发展阶段： 1997-2007年	旅游新常态阶段： 2008年至今
政策因素	赚取外汇	重要产业	经济新增长点	战略支柱产业
管理因素	政府统一领导	部分权力下放	尊重市场	市场决定
需求因素	人均GDP 183~283 $ 只有入境旅游	人均GDP 310~709 $ 国内旅游兴起	人均GDP 781~2695 $ 国内旅游繁荣	人均GDP 3471~8826 $ 出境旅游增强

影响因素	具体变量	国内游客	入境游客
经济水平	GDP	0.996^**	0.809^**
消费水平	人均GDP	0.995^**	0.815^**
消费水平	社会商品零售总额	0.998^**	0.769^**
产业发展	第三产业比重	0.922^**	0.880^**
产业发展	第三产业产值	0.998^**	0.775^**
投资状况	固定资产投资	0.996^**	0.738^**
交通条件	铁路里程	0.991^**	0.810^**
	公路里程	0.909^**	0.928^**
	民航国内航线	0.985^**	0.752^**
	民航国际航线	0.967^*	0.783^**
	民用载客汽车	0.994^**	0.722^**
住宿服务	星级饭店客房数	0.754^**	0.984^**
中介服务	旅行社规模	0.918^**	0.959^**
对外开放程度	利用外资	0.515^**	0.817^**
对外开放程度	进出口贸易额	0.938^**	0.903^**

影响因素	具体变量	国内游客	入境游客
旅游吸引物	景点数	0.621^**	0.573^**
旅游吸引物	高等级景点数	0.721^**	0.201
经济水平	各省GDP	0.693^**	0.594^**
消费水平	人均GDP	0.080	0.232
产业发展	三产收入	0.627^**	0.637^**
投资状况	固定资产投资	0.832^**	0.263
住宿服务	住宿家数	0.650^**	0.730^**
住宿服务	餐饮家数	0.676^**	0.635^**
中介服务	旅行社总数	0.637^**	0.461^**
交通条件	私家车保有量	0.707^**	0.507^**
	铁路客运量	0.650^**	0.645^**
	公路客运量	0.638^**	0.321
	民航客运量	0.136	0.808^**
对外开放程度	利用外资	0.516^**	0.529^**
对外开放程度	进出口贸易额	0.279	0.871^**

The geographical pattern of China's tourism development since the reform and opening-up in 1978

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