300 BC-1900 AD无定河流域城镇时空格局演变

doi:10.11821/dlxb201908002

Abstract

Abstract:

The Wuding River is one of the main branches in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, flowing through the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. This paper analyzes the positions as well as the beginning and ending dates of the counties in the Wuding River Basin, from 300 BC to 1900 AD. Based on the history of administrative divisions, economic and social developments, and regime changes, three spatio-temporal patterns of towns evolution process in this river basin are found: (1) Influenced by the cyclical fluctuation of climate, the rise and decline of towns in the river basin has obvious periodicity, and the geometric center of the towns in this basin has obvious characteristics of tidal movement in a "northwest- southeast" direction. (2) The life spans of the town sites are generally short, and there were four stages with four different central towns in history. The direction and process of the movement of the central towns were consistent with the trend of the tidal movement of the geometric center of the towns. (3) In the history of the river basin, there were three types of towns spatial patterns: along the river valleys in the Qin-Han and Sui-Tang periods, along the border lines and the Great Wall in the Song and Ming periods, and along the lower reaches of the river basin in the Yuan and Qing periods. Based on the analyses, the authors suggest that to rationally determine the scale and layout of the towns system, the future development plan for the Wuding River Basin should focus on the long-term impact of climate change on towns distribution and the reality of regional environmental vulnerability.

Key words: Coupled Human and Natural Cube, urbanization, eco-environment, pericoupling and telecoupling, complexity science, sustainable development, human-nature systems, Wuding River Basin, fragile ecology area, towns distribution, evolution of spatio-temporal pattern, climate change

TONG Biao, DANG Anrong, XU Jian. A historical study on the patterns of spatio-temporal evolution of towns in the Wuding River Basin[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(8): 1508-1524.

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Tab.1

Brief history of the evolution of Wuding River Basin

年代		历史沿革
先秦	夏	无定河流域生活着游牧民族獯鬻(又作荤粥、熏粥)、犬夷。早期荤粥与黄帝生活在相同的年代,至夏代一直为邻,有密切交往。
	商	无定河流域生活着鬼方、羌方等游牧民族。鬼方即夏之荤粥,武丁曾历时三年击败鬼方;羌方即后世的羌族。
	西周	无定河流域生活着猃狁(即夏之荤粥)、犬戎(即夏之犬夷,曾参与申侯灭周之役)和羌人。
	春秋	春秋时各少数民族泛称戎或狄,在无定河流域西南有义渠、朐衍等戎,西北方向的狄分赤狄、白狄、长狄,东北方向是林胡和楼烦活动的地区。春秋中期后,中原各国实力增强,西戎诸部被秦所灭,赤狄、白狄被晋降服。
	战国	此时期林胡、楼烦、东胡发展为北方主要部族,并称“三胡”^[27]。秦、赵、魏不断拓展疆域,开始在无定河流域构筑城镇,“赵有代,魏有河西、上郡,以与戎界边”,前328年魏割上郡属秦。战国中期,林胡、楼烦尽附赵,而义渠、朐衍则归秦,置陇西、北地、上等郡。战国后期,匈奴强大起来,成为东邻东胡、南与秦、赵、燕相邻的主要力量。
秦汉	秦	秦统一六国后设置上郡(治肤施),214 BC,秦始皇派大将蒙恬率兵“北击胡”,占领了整个河套地区^[8],称为“新秦中”。
	西汉	匈奴冒顿单于曾于秦末汉初南下夺取河套地区,汉王朝与匈奴接壤处又恢复为秦王朝以前的边界^[8],这种状态从秦末到西汉初年持续了近100年,直到汉武帝对外用兵,版图不断扩大,上郡辖地也不断扩大,增置若干县城,并由边疆变为内地^[28]。
	东汉	无定河流域主要由上郡所辖,县城数量较西汉时期有所减少。因匈奴南侵,上郡治肤施两次南迁,在140 AD第二次南迁后再没有迁回。
魏晋南北朝	魏晋	东汉末年黄巾起义,汉朝于188 AD放弃了河套、陕北、晋西北地区,无定河流域及其周边地区开始由匈奴、羌胡与汉族杂居,这种状态自东汉末(140-220 AD)经曹魏(220-266 AD)到西晋(266-316 AD),持续近200年。
	十六国	无定河流域被游牧民族轮番占据,在大约100年时间里,先后有匈奴的前赵、羯族的后赵、氐族的前秦、羌族的后秦和匈奴的大夏统治过无定河流域,由于政权更迭频繁,加之上述政权均由游牧民族建立,因此少有城镇建置的记录。该时期开始有城镇建设的记载,始于匈奴大夏国在413 AD建都统万城。
	北魏	鲜卑人建立的北魏统一中国北方近百年,期间人口和社会生产得到恢复。北魏于427 AD取得统万城,改设统万镇,并于488 AD设夏州、领4郡,开始了大规模的行政建置和城镇建设。
	西魏	北魏分裂后,无定河流域属西魏(535-556 AD)辖地,西魏时期增设了长州(治长泽)和绥州(治上县)。
	北周	北周时期又分绥州北部增设银州(治儒林),自此确立无定河流域夏、绥、银、长四州的格局。
隋唐	隋	隋代经过压缩行政层级和并省州县的改革,上述四州辖地并省为朔方郡(原夏州、长州地,治岩绿,即统万城)和雕阴郡(原绥州、银州地,治上县,即今绥德)。
	梁	隋末梁师都占据夏州,建立梁国(617-628 AD),在此期间唐和梁均建立了多个行州县^[29],但大多在唐平定梁师都后废止。
	唐	唐代无定河流域主要由夏州(治朔方,原岩绿,唐初更名)、绥州(治上县,天宝元年改名为龙泉)、银州(治儒林)所辖。唐中后期藩镇割据,无定河流域属夏绥银节度使辖地(治夏州朔方)。唐代由于其特殊的少数民族政策,也诞生了大量羁縻州(准县级建制),无定河流域作为中原民族与北方少数民族交融的窗口地区,曾设置了几十个羁縻州县^[29]以处内附的党项羌、突厥、吐谷浑、回纥等少数民族部落。
宋元	定难	唐末黄巢起义,控制无定河流域的夏绥银节度使党项贵族拓跋思恭因平定叛乱有功,被封为夏国公,并赐姓“李”,夏州地区的党项武装也被称为“定难军”,总括夏、绥、银、宥(原长州)四州,历经五代,党项拓跋部利用藩镇争战、朝代更替的机会,发展壮大自己的力量,逐渐形成一个以夏州为中心的地方割据势力,成为西夏国前身。北宋初期夏州定难军节度使李继捧附宋,其弟李继迁则率众抗宋自立,传至李元昊于1038 AD称帝建立西夏国。
	西夏	西夏国时期,无定河中、上游由西夏控制,下游由北宋、金相继控制,按照吕静的研究^[4],此时期在交界带构筑了大量军事堡寨,砍伐木材、开挖山体、种植粮食、樵采燃料等,人类活动影响剧烈。但是县治、农业生产和人口并不繁盛,具有强烈了政治军事色彩。
	元	元代虽然无定河流域都属陕西行省延安府辖区,但人居点仍集中在流域下游绥德州周边,中上游鲜有县治建制,也少有人类居住活动的记载,这种情况与当时无定河流域中、上游的自然环境恶化已不适宜农耕有关,也与蒙元统治者的重游牧、轻农业的政策的有关。
	明	明代无定河流域是明与蒙古鞑靼部军事对峙的前线,这一时期的城镇以长城沿线堡寨系统为主,属延绥镇辖地,初期治所在绥德,成化年间北移到榆林;明长城以北鞑靼部分鲜有城址据点记载,应该与蒙古游牧、游击的生产与军事特点有关。
	清	清代的无定河流域在国家层面结束了沿长城对峙的局面,但在省级层面,延续了划长城而治的特征,长城以南属陕西省的延安府和榆林府,长城以北属内蒙古的伊克昭盟。各级城镇人居点的军事职能逐渐弱化,生产和民政职能逐渐增强。随着清朝人口、土地政策变化,分阶段有过汉人到“口外”开垦“伙盘地”的活动,人为将农耕线向北推进,这一开发过程也奠定了如今陕西、内蒙分界线在长城北侧的基本格局。
	民国	民国时期无定河流域延续了清代陕西、绥远(含原伊克昭盟)两省分治的格局,县级建制除子洲县尚未设置外,其余与现在一致。
	当代	当代无定河流域分属陕西省榆林市、延安市和内蒙古鄂尔多斯市。

Tab.1

Tab.2

The rise and fall schedule of towns in Wuding River Basin

序号	年代		名称	设置时间		废止时间		存续时长(年)		文献出处
1	先秦至东汉初		阳周	328 BC		30 AD		358		[8, 30-35]
2	先秦至东汉初		平周	306 BC		30 AD		336		[23, 30, 33, 35]
3	先秦至东汉末		肤施	296 BC		140 AD		436		[23, 30, 32, 35-37]
4	先秦至东汉初		平都	295 BC		30 AD		325		[23, 30, 33-34]
5	秦代至东汉末		高望	219 BC		140 AD		359		[8, 30, 33-35]
6	西汉至东汉末		龟兹	125 BC		140 AD		265		[8, 32-33, 35]
7	西汉至东汉末		奢延	125 BC		140 AD		265		[8, 28, 32, 35]
8	西汉至东汉末		独乐	125 BC		140 AD		265		[8, 34-35]
9	北朝至宋初		统万/岩绿/朔方	413 AD		979 AD		566		[27, 29, 32, 35 38]
10	北魏至北宋初		革融/宁朔	488 AD		979 AD		491		[29, 32, 35, 38]
11	北魏至唐初		魏平	488 AD		628 AD		140		[29, 32, 35, 38]
12	北魏至隋初		山鹿	488 AD		583 AD		95		[32, 38]
13	北魏至隋初		新囶	488 AD		583 AD		95		[32, 35, 38]
14	北魏至北宋初		城中/城平	518 AD		997 AD		479		[29, 32, 35]
15	西魏至今		上县/龙泉/绥德	546 AD		至今		1470		[29, 32, 35, 38-41]
16	西魏至元初		长泽	546 AD		1226 AD		680		[29, 32, 35, 38-39]
17	西魏至北宋初		大斌	546 AD		979 AD		433		[29, 32, 35, 38]
18	西魏至隋		安宁	546 AD		607 AD		61		[32, 35, 38]
19	北周至北宋初		抚宁	552 AD		997 AD		445		[29, 32, 38]
20	北周至唐初		开疆	552 AD		621 AD		69		[32, 35, 38]
21	北周至北宋初		中乡/真乡	562 AD		979 AD		417		[29, 32, 35, 38]
22	隋初至北宋初		儒林	583 AD		979 AD		396		[29, 32, 35, 38]
23	隋末至北宋初		德静	613 AD		979 AD		366		[29, 32, 35, 39]
24	唐初至唐中		宁塞	631 AD		742 AD		111		[29]
25	唐中期		延恩	730 AD		762 AD		32		[29, 32]
26	唐中至唐末		怀德	738 AD		907 AD		169		[29, 39]
27	西夏		龙州	997 AD		1226 AD		229		[32, 35, 39]
28	西夏		洪州	997 AD		1226 AD		229		[12, 35, 39]
29	西夏		弥陀洞	1038 AD		1226 AD		188		[35, 39, 42]
序号	年代	名称			设置时间		废止时间		存续时长(年)		文献出处
30	西夏	石州			1067 AD		1226 AD		159		[12, 35, 39]
31	金初中期至今	米脂			1126 AD		至今		891		[32, 35, 39-41]
32	金初至元初	怀宁			1126 AD		1267 AD		141		[32, 35, 39-41]
33	金末至元初	嗣武			1226 AD		1267 AD		41		[32, 35, 39-41]
34	金末至元初	绥平			1226 AD		1267 AD		41		[32, 35, 39-41]
35	金末至元初	义合			1226 AD		1267 AD		41		[32, 35, 39-41];
36	金末至元初	定戎			1226 AD		1267 AD		41		[32, 39-41]
37	明中期至今	榆林			1470 AD		至今		547		[25, 32, 35, 43-45]
38	清初至清末	鄂尔多斯右翼前旗/乌审旗			1649 AD		至今		368		[25, 35]
39	清初至今	靖边			1730 AD		至今		287		[25, 32, 35, 43]
40	清初至今	怀远/横山			1731 AD		至今		286		[25, 32, 35]
41	民末至今	子洲			1944 AD		至今		73		[32]

Tab.2

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历史时期	县级以上城址数量(座)	复用城址数量(座)	复用率(%)	复用城址说明
秦汉时期	8
隋唐时期	12	1	12.5	唐儒林在秦汉肤施故址旁另建新城
宋元时期	8	2	16.7	流域下游的上县/龙泉/绥德和长泽
明清时期		3	37.5	流域中下游的绥德、米脂、榆林

A historical study on the patterns of spatio-temporal evolution of towns in the Wuding River Basin

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