Acta Geographica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (8): 1508-1524.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201908002
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TONG Biao1,2,DANG Anrong1,XU Jian1
Received:
2018-03-21
Revised:
2019-06-25
Online:
2019-08-25
Published:
2019-08-07
Supported by:
TONG Biao, DANG Anrong, XU Jian. A historical study on the patterns of spatio-temporal evolution of towns in the Wuding River Basin[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(8): 1508-1524.
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Tab.1
Brief history of the evolution of Wuding River Basin
年代 | 历史沿革 | |
---|---|---|
先秦 | 夏 | 无定河流域生活着游牧民族獯鬻(又作荤粥、熏粥)、犬夷。早期荤粥与黄帝生活在相同的年代,至夏代一直为邻,有密切交往。 |
商 | 无定河流域生活着鬼方、羌方等游牧民族。鬼方即夏之荤粥,武丁曾历时三年击败鬼方;羌方即后世的羌族。 | |
西周 | 无定河流域生活着猃狁(即夏之荤粥)、犬戎(即夏之犬夷,曾参与申侯灭周之役)和羌人。 | |
春秋 | 春秋时各少数民族泛称戎或狄,在无定河流域西南有义渠、朐衍等戎,西北方向的狄分赤狄、白狄、长狄,东北方向是林胡和楼烦活动的地区。春秋中期后,中原各国实力增强,西戎诸部被秦所灭,赤狄、白狄被晋降服。 | |
战国 | 此时期林胡、楼烦、东胡发展为北方主要部族,并称“三胡”[ | |
秦汉 | 秦 | 秦统一六国后设置上郡(治肤施),214 BC,秦始皇派大将蒙恬率兵“北击胡”,占领了整个河套地区[ |
西汉 | 匈奴冒顿单于曾于秦末汉初南下夺取河套地区,汉王朝与匈奴接壤处又恢复为秦王朝以前的边界[ | |
东汉 | 无定河流域主要由上郡所辖,县城数量较西汉时期有所减少。因匈奴南侵,上郡治肤施两次南迁,在140 AD第二次南迁后再没有迁回。 | |
魏晋 南北朝 | 魏晋 | 东汉末年黄巾起义,汉朝于188 AD放弃了河套、陕北、晋西北地区,无定河流域及其周边地区开始由匈奴、羌胡与汉族杂居,这种状态自东汉末(140-220 AD)经曹魏(220-266 AD)到西晋(266-316 AD),持续近200年。 |
十六国 | 无定河流域被游牧民族轮番占据,在大约100年时间里,先后有匈奴的前赵、羯族的后赵、氐族的前秦、羌族的后秦和匈奴的大夏统治过无定河流域,由于政权更迭频繁,加之上述政权均由游牧民族建立,因此少有城镇建置的记录。该时期开始有城镇建设的记载,始于匈奴大夏国在413 AD建都统万城。 | |
北魏 | 鲜卑人建立的北魏统一中国北方近百年,期间人口和社会生产得到恢复。北魏于427 AD取得统万城,改设统万镇,并于488 AD设夏州、领4郡,开始了大规模的行政建置和城镇建设。 | |
西魏 | 北魏分裂后,无定河流域属西魏(535-556 AD)辖地,西魏时期增设了长州(治长泽)和绥州(治上县)。 | |
北周 | 北周时期又分绥州北部增设银州(治儒林),自此确立无定河流域夏、绥、银、长四州的格局。 | |
隋唐 | 隋 | 隋代经过压缩行政层级和并省州县的改革,上述四州辖地并省为朔方郡(原夏州、长州地,治岩绿,即统万城)和雕阴郡(原绥州、银州地,治上县,即今绥德)。 |
梁 | 隋末梁师都占据夏州,建立梁国(617-628 AD),在此期间唐和梁均建立了多个行州县[ | |
唐 | 唐代无定河流域主要由夏州(治朔方,原岩绿,唐初更名)、绥州(治上县,天宝元年改名为龙泉)、银州(治儒林)所辖。唐中后期藩镇割据,无定河流域属夏绥银节度使辖地(治夏州朔方)。唐代由于其特殊的少数民族政策,也诞生了大量羁縻州(准县级建制),无定河流域作为中原民族与北方少数民族交融的窗口地区,曾设置了几十个羁縻州县[ | |
宋元 | 定难 | 唐末黄巢起义,控制无定河流域的夏绥银节度使党项贵族拓跋思恭因平定叛乱有功,被封为夏国公,并赐姓“李”,夏州地区的党项武装也被称为“定难军”,总括夏、绥、银、宥(原长州)四州,历经五代,党项拓跋部利用藩镇争战、朝代更替的机会,发展壮大自己的力量,逐渐形成一个以夏州为中心的地方割据势力,成为西夏国前身。北宋初期夏州定难军节度使李继捧附宋,其弟李继迁则率众抗宋自立,传至李元昊于1038 AD称帝建立西夏国。 |
西夏 | 西夏国时期,无定河中、上游由西夏控制,下游由北宋、金相继控制,按照吕静的研究[ | |
元 | 元代虽然无定河流域都属陕西行省延安府辖区,但人居点仍集中在流域下游绥德州周边,中上游鲜有县治建制,也少有人类居住活动的记载,这种情况与当时无定河流域中、上游的自然环境恶化已不适宜农耕有关,也与蒙元统治者的重游牧、轻农业的政策的有关。 | |
明 | 明代无定河流域是明与蒙古鞑靼部军事对峙的前线,这一时期的城镇以长城沿线堡寨系统为主,属延绥镇辖地,初期治所在绥德,成化年间北移到榆林;明长城以北鞑靼部分鲜有城址据点记载,应该与蒙古游牧、游击的生产与军事特点有关。 | |
清 | 清代的无定河流域在国家层面结束了沿长城对峙的局面,但在省级层面,延续了划长城而治的特征,长城以南属陕西省的延安府和榆林府,长城以北属内蒙古的伊克昭盟。各级城镇人居点的军事职能逐渐弱化,生产和民政职能逐渐增强。随着清朝人口、土地政策变化,分阶段有过汉人到“口外”开垦“伙盘地”的活动,人为将农耕线向北推进,这一开发过程也奠定了如今陕西、内蒙分界线在长城北侧的基本格局。 | |
民国 | 民国时期无定河流域延续了清代陕西、绥远(含原伊克昭盟)两省分治的格局,县级建制除子洲县尚未设置外,其余与现在一致。 | |
当代 | 当代无定河流域分属陕西省榆林市、延安市和内蒙古鄂尔多斯市。 |
Tab.2
The rise and fall schedule of towns in Wuding River Basin
序号 | 年代 | 名称 | 设置时间 | 废止时间 | 存续时长(年) | 文献出处 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 先秦至东汉初 | 阳周 | 328 BC | 30 AD | 358 | [8, 30-35] | |||||
2 | 先秦至东汉初 | 平周 | 306 BC | 30 AD | 336 | [23, 30, 33, 35] | |||||
3 | 先秦至东汉末 | 肤施 | 296 BC | 140 AD | 436 | [23, 30, 32, 35-37] | |||||
4 | 先秦至东汉初 | 平都 | 295 BC | 30 AD | 325 | [23, 30, 33-34] | |||||
5 | 秦代至东汉末 | 高望 | 219 BC | 140 AD | 359 | [8, 30, 33-35] | |||||
6 | 西汉至东汉末 | 龟兹 | 125 BC | 140 AD | 265 | [8, 32-33, 35] | |||||
7 | 西汉至东汉末 | 奢延 | 125 BC | 140 AD | 265 | [8, 28, 32, 35] | |||||
8 | 西汉至东汉末 | 独乐 | 125 BC | 140 AD | 265 | [8, 34-35] | |||||
9 | 北朝至宋初 | 统万/岩绿/朔方 | 413 AD | 979 AD | 566 | [27, 29, 32, 35 38] | |||||
10 | 北魏至北宋初 | 革融/宁朔 | 488 AD | 979 AD | 491 | [29, 32, 35, 38] | |||||
11 | 北魏至唐初 | 魏平 | 488 AD | 628 AD | 140 | [29, 32, 35, 38] | |||||
12 | 北魏至隋初 | 山鹿 | 488 AD | 583 AD | 95 | [32, 38] | |||||
13 | 北魏至隋初 | 新囶 | 488 AD | 583 AD | 95 | [32, 35, 38] | |||||
14 | 北魏至北宋初 | 城中/城平 | 518 AD | 997 AD | 479 | [29, 32, 35] | |||||
15 | 西魏至今 | 上县/龙泉/绥德 | 546 AD | 至今 | 1470 | [29, 32, 35, 38-41] | |||||
16 | 西魏至元初 | 长泽 | 546 AD | 1226 AD | 680 | [29, 32, 35, 38-39] | |||||
17 | 西魏至北宋初 | 大斌 | 546 AD | 979 AD | 433 | [29, 32, 35, 38] | |||||
18 | 西魏至隋 | 安宁 | 546 AD | 607 AD | 61 | [32, 35, 38] | |||||
19 | 北周至北宋初 | 抚宁 | 552 AD | 997 AD | 445 | [29, 32, 38] | |||||
20 | 北周至唐初 | 开疆 | 552 AD | 621 AD | 69 | [32, 35, 38] | |||||
21 | 北周至北宋初 | 中乡/真乡 | 562 AD | 979 AD | 417 | [29, 32, 35, 38] | |||||
22 | 隋初至北宋初 | 儒林 | 583 AD | 979 AD | 396 | [29, 32, 35, 38] | |||||
23 | 隋末至北宋初 | 德静 | 613 AD | 979 AD | 366 | [29, 32, 35, 39] | |||||
24 | 唐初至唐中 | 宁塞 | 631 AD | 742 AD | 111 | [29] | |||||
25 | 唐中期 | 延恩 | 730 AD | 762 AD | 32 | [29, 32] | |||||
26 | 唐中至唐末 | 怀德 | 738 AD | 907 AD | 169 | [29, 39] | |||||
27 | 西夏 | 龙州 | 997 AD | 1226 AD | 229 | [32, 35, 39] | |||||
28 | 西夏 | 洪州 | 997 AD | 1226 AD | 229 | [12, 35, 39] | |||||
29 | 西夏 | 弥陀洞 | 1038 AD | 1226 AD | 188 | [35, 39, 42] | |||||
序号 | 年代 | 名称 | 设置时间 | 废止时间 | 存续时长(年) | 文献出处 | |||||
30 | 西夏 | 石州 | 1067 AD | 1226 AD | 159 | [12, 35, 39] | |||||
31 | 金初中期至今 | 米脂 | 1126 AD | 至今 | 891 | [32, 35, 39-41] | |||||
32 | 金初至元初 | 怀宁 | 1126 AD | 1267 AD | 141 | [32, 35, 39-41] | |||||
33 | 金末至元初 | 嗣武 | 1226 AD | 1267 AD | 41 | [32, 35, 39-41] | |||||
34 | 金末至元初 | 绥平 | 1226 AD | 1267 AD | 41 | [32, 35, 39-41] | |||||
35 | 金末至元初 | 义合 | 1226 AD | 1267 AD | 41 | [32, 35, 39-41]; | |||||
36 | 金末至元初 | 定戎 | 1226 AD | 1267 AD | 41 | [32, 39-41] | |||||
37 | 明中期至今 | 榆林 | 1470 AD | 至今 | 547 | [25, 32, 35, 43-45] | |||||
38 | 清初至清末 | 鄂尔多斯右翼前旗/乌审旗 | 1649 AD | 至今 | 368 | [25, 35] | |||||
39 | 清初至今 | 靖边 | 1730 AD | 至今 | 287 | [25, 32, 35, 43] | |||||
40 | 清初至今 | 怀远/横山 | 1731 AD | 至今 | 286 | [25, 32, 35] | |||||
41 | 民末至今 | 子洲 | 1944 AD | 至今 | 73 | [32] |
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