青藏高原西部、南部和东北部边界地区天然水的水化学性质及其成因

doi:10.11821/dlxb201905011

Abstract

Abstract:

The special geographic and human environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has created the unique hydrochemical characteristics of the region's natural water, which has been preserved in a completely natural state. However, as the intensity of human activities in the region continued to increase, the water environment and hydrochemical characteristics on the plateau have changed. In this study, we collected, analyzed, and measured water samples in the western, southern, and northeastern border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where human activities are ongoing, and the regional differences and factors controlling them were investigated. The key results were obtained as follows. (1) There were differences in the physical properties and hydrochemical characteristics, and their controlling factors in the different boundary areas of this plateau. These differences were mainly caused by the effects of the geographical environment and geological conditions. (2) The average pH of the water samples was 7.75, the average total dissolved solid (TDS) content was 171 mg/L, and the average hardness (TH) content was 168 mg/L. Overall, the water quality was good and suitable for drinking, with most samples meeting national and WHO drinking water standards. (3) The main cations were Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ in water samples, while HCO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- were the main anions. The chemical properties of water were mainly controlled by the weathering of carbonates and the dissolution of evaporative rocks, with the weathering of carbonate rocks being most influential. (4) The biological quality indicators of natural water in the border areas was far superior to national and WHO standards, which indicated that these areas were rarely affected by human activities.

Key words: border area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, natural water, hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors

TIAN Yuan,YU Chengqun,ZHA Xinjie,GAO Xing,YU Mingzhai. Hydrochemical characteristics and factors controlling of natural water in the western, southern, and northeastern border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(5): 975-991.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Sampling points of water samples in the border area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

编号	类型	地点	纬度(N°)	经度(E°)	高程(m)	编号	类型	地点	纬度(N°)	经度(E°)	高程(m)
1	井水(14 m)	噶尔县扎西岗乡鲁玛村	32.3722	79.7976	4262	27	河流水	米林县派镇大峡谷景区	29.5174	94.8811	2931
2	河流水	噶尔县扎西岗乡典角村	32.6942	79.4597	4271	28	河流水	米林县派镇加拉村	29.6977	94.8978	2821
3	井水(14 m)	日土县青藏高原所阿里站	33.3922	79.7046	4264	29	河流水	隆子县加玉乡共拉村	28.2941	92.7492	3380
4	井水(15 m)	日土县日松乡德汝村	33.3682	79.6971	4281	30	河流水	隆子县列麦乡列麦村	28.4247	92.5742	3851
5	河流水	日土县日松乡	33.1262	79.8355	4359	31	河流水	隆子县日当镇塔新村	28.3930	92.1056	4253
6	河流水	噶尔县昆莎乡噶尔藏布	32.1069	80.0823	4293	32	河流水	隆子县日当镇曲古塘村	28.4883	92.2845	4119
7	井水(10 m)	札达县托林镇象雄宾馆	31.4778	79.8051	3712	33	河流水	隆子县雪沙乡下木达村	28.6346	92.5459	4245
8	井水(8 m)	札达县托林镇波林村	31.4757	79.6732	3621	34	河流水	隆子县雪沙乡下木达村	28.6337	92.5489	4175
9	河流水	札达县达巴乡	31.5879	79.9703	4582	35	河流水	隆子县雪沙乡乡政府	28.6038	92.5566	3905
10	河流水	札达县达巴乡	31.5314	79.9843	4493	36	河流水	隆子县热荣乡才麦村	28.4856	92.1489	4064
11	河流水	札达县达巴乡	31.4484	80.1229	4693	37	井水(8 m)	聂拉木县门布乡昌加村	28.7857	86.2255	4452
12	河流水	噶尔县门士乡乡政府	31.1789	80.7601	4450	38	河流水	聂拉木县门布乡朗隆曲	28.5812	86.1501	4857
13	河流水	噶尔县门士乡	31.1426	80.9014	4636	39	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡土龙村	28.4565	86.1650	4560
14	井水(10 m)	普兰县普兰镇迎宾馆	30.2945	81.1759	3905	40	河流水	聂拉木县聂拉木镇	28.1598	85.9805	3771
15	井水(5 m)	普兰县普兰镇科加村	30.1927	81.2707	3734	41	河流水	聂拉木县聂拉木镇	28.1634	85.9768	3788
16	河流水	普兰县普兰镇科加村	30.2633	81.1870	3891	42	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡扎西宗村	28.2928	86.0248	4104
17	河流水	普兰县普兰镇纳木纳尼	30.5157	81.2018	4521	43	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡如甲村	28.3273	86.0474	4259
18	河流水	普兰县霍尔乡	30.6872	81.8323	4752	44	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡亚来村	28.3828	86.1070	4373
19	河流水	隆子县隆子镇	28.4081	92.4628	3881	45	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡来新村	28.4159	86.1307	4426
20	河流水	隆子县日当镇卡当村	28.6125	92.2153	4998	46	河流水	聂拉木县波绒乡	28.7547	85.5842	4643
21	河流水	米林县扎西绕登乡雪巴村	29.2319	94.0680	2993	47	河流水	吉隆县吉隆镇	28.3950	85.3294	2815
22	河流水	米林县卧龙镇塘崩巴村	29.1447	93.6939	3032	48	河流水	吉隆县吉隆镇朗久村	28.3952	85.3525	2731
23	河流水	米林县南伊乡才召村	29.1849	94.1883	2938	49	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟大瀑布	28.4812	85.2251	3171
24	河流水	米林县南伊乡琼林村	29.1279	94.2226	3009	50	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟卓汤村	28.5006	85.2215	3261
25	河流水	米林县南伊乡南伊沟	29.0417	94.2321	3147	51	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟卓汤村	28.5346	85.2195	3409
26	河流水	米林县丹娘乡仲莎村	29.4613	94.7849	2945	52	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟夏村	28.5418	85.2285	3510
编号	类型	地点	纬度(N°)	经度(E°)	高程(m)	编号	类型	地点	纬度(N°)	经度(E°)	高程(m)
53	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟夏村	28.5635	85.2462	3632	71	河流水	康马县康马镇	28.5587	89.6807	4298
54	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟游客中心	28.6056	85.2599	3760	72	河流水	夏河县拉卜楞镇	35.1936	102.5151	2942
55	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟棍打村	28.6301	85.2691	3736	73	河流水	夏河县桑科乡	35.0651	102.4624	3207
56	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟棍打村	28.6533	85.2781	3785	74	河流水	夏河县桑科乡	35.0126	102.5232	3399
57	河流水	吉隆县吉隆沟沃马村	28.7397	85.2965	3955	75	河流水	夏河县桑科乡	34.9377	102.6594	3249
58	河流水	吉隆县宗嘎镇	28.8557	85.2968	4145	76	河流水	碌曲县	34.5901	102.4854	3112
59	河流水	吉隆县马拉兵站北	29.0409	85.4394	4733	77	河流水	碌曲县尕海乡尕秀村	34.4331	102.2976	3432
60	河流水	吉隆县折巴乡达木村	29.2074	85.3636	4527	78	河流水	碌曲县尕海乡加仓村	34.2006	102.4419	3491
61	河流水	聂拉木县樟木镇	27.9887	85.9828	2277	79	河流水	碌曲县奔子栏镇	34.1269	102.6116	3358
62	河流水	聂拉木县樟木镇	27.9903	85.9829	2263	80	河流水	碌曲县郎木镇	34.0949	102.6318	3393
63	河流水	聂拉木县亚来乡亚来村	28.3828	86.1070	4373	81	河流水	诺尔盖县红星乡	34.0959	102.7545	3161
64	河流水	康马县涅如堆乡日果村	28.4865	89.9269	4569	82	河流水	迭部县扎尕那业日村	34.2394	103.1792	2974
65	河流水	康马县涅如堆乡日果村	28.4894	89.9265	4584	83	河流水	迭部县扎尕那	34.2374	103.2025	2978
66	河流水	康马县涅如麦乡白墩村	28.6419	89.8728	4389	84	河流水	迭部县扎尕那	34.2370	103.1979	2939
67	河流水	康马县雄章乡青卓村	28.6183	89.3708	4489	85	河流水	迭部县	34.0558	103.2373	2355
68	河流水	康马县萨玛达乡孟则村	28.3495	89.5377	4447	86	河流水	迭部县旺藏乡	33.9520	103.6059	2007
69	河流水	康马县萨玛达乡	28.2517	89.6455	4573	87	河流水	迭部县花园乡黑杂村	33.9885	103.9207	1733
70	河流水	康马县嘎拉乡克村	28.2388	89.1817	4474	88	河流水	迭部县花腊子乡腊子村	34.2426	103.9113	2948

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 2

Statistical summary of the parameters determined in the studied natural water samples of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

参数		pH	TDS (mg/L)	TH (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	SiO₂ (mg/L)
单位		pH	TDS (mg/L)	TH (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	SiO₂ (mg/L)
全部水样	最小值	6.52	6.11	3.69	1.10	0.00	0.19	0.19	2.95	0.00	1.29	0.00	2.08
	最大值	8.88	583	512	149	8.43	71.0	32.8	305	21.7	356	32.2	20.7
	平均值	7.75	180	168	44.7	1.03	13.5	6.06	127	2.33	59.2	2.60	8.77
	中位数	7.75	171	143	42.3	0.87	9.02	3.75	109	0.68	28.7	1.15	7.64
	标准差	0.50	130	127	30.9	1.06	14.6	6.30	95.8	3.98	80.8	4.48	4.10
	偏度	-0.04	1.13	0.88	0.77	3.89	1.75	1.66	0.37	2.94	2.03	4.33	0.85
西部边界	最小值	6.99	32.9	27.6	9.38	0.00	0.99	0.19	16.4	0.00	3.48	0.00	4.85
	最大值	8.88	391	394	69.3	8.43	52.9	32.8	302	21.7	199	32.2	20.7
	平均值	8.38	142	122	31.0	1.44	10.6	10.8	106	5.62	46.9	3.41	10.2
	中位数	7.74	171	146	42.4	0.86	9.09	3.54	108	0.67	29.6	1.17	7.50
	标准差	0.44	79.1	82.8	17.4	1.77	11.1	8.37	70.1	6.79	45.0	7.42	4.96
	偏度	-1.97	1.45	1.76	0.54	3.37	2.95	0.74	0.92	1.08	2.13	3.23	0.75
南部边界	最小值	6.52	6.11	3.69	1.10	0.00	0.19	0.38	2.95	0.31	1.29	0.40	2.08
	最大值	8.07	583	512	149	2.72	58.7	23.7	305	9.84	356	19.2	18.3
	平均值	7.57	187	163	44.5	0.77	12.5	4.32	98.6	0.96	74.4	1.74	8.46
	中位数	7.66	131	128	38.4	0.64	5.30	3.02	74.3	0.57	38.3	1.04	6.95
	标准差	0.36	156	146	36.0	0.68	15.2	4.68	90.6	1.68	95.7	2.71	4.04
	偏度	-1.11	0.92	0.90	0.85	0.76	1.44	1.92	0.93	4.47	1.51	5.30	0.68
东南部边界	最小值	6.87	119	148	40.6	0.34	4.44	0.99	162	0.97	3.35	0.92	3.51
	最大值	8.14	330	462	81.9	2.87	71.0	20.6	298	12.4	139	16.3	14.0
	平均值	7.66	198	231	59.9	1.40	19.5	6.50	238	3.11	24.5	4.38	8.22
	中位数	7.77	198	224	58.1	1.00	17.1	4.34	250	2.54	15.7	2.09	8.04
	标准差	0.40	47.7	66.8	12.0	0.76	14.4	5.48	37.2	2.58	31.2	3.96	2.64
	偏度	-0.68	0.91	2.27	0.14	0.47	2.54	1.55	-0.28	2.70	2.90	1.59	0.34

Tab. 2

Fig. 3

Tab. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Tab. 4

Fig. 8

Tab. 5

References 65

[1]	Zheng Du, Tan Jian'an, Wang Wuyi . Environmental Geosciences Introduction. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2007.
	[ 郑度, 谭见安, 王五一 . 环境地学导论. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007.]
[2]	Sun Honglie, Zheng Du, Yao Tandong , et al. Protection and construction of the national ecological security shelter zone on Tibetan plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(1):3-12.
	[ 孙鸿烈, 郑度, 姚檀栋 , 等. 青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设. 地理学报, 2012,67(1):3-12.]
[3]	Tian Y, Yu C, Zha X , et al. Distribution and potential health risks of arsenic, selenium, and fluorine in natural waters in Tibet, China. Water, 2016,8:568. doi: 10.3390/w8120568
[4]	Zhang Xianzhou, He Yongtao, Shen Zhenxi , et al. Frontier of the ecological construction support the sustainable development in Tibet Autonomous Region. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015,30(3):306-312.
	[ 张宪洲, 何永涛, 沈振西 , 等. 西藏地区可持续发展面临的主要生态环境问题及对策. 中国科学院院刊, 2015,30(3):306-312.]
[5]	Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S, Dilli K , et al. Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra River system: Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1989,53(5):997-1009. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90205-6
[6]	Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S . Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra River systems, India. Nature, 1984,312(5994):538-541. doi: 10.1038/312538a0
[7]	Wang Lei . Study on hydrochemical characteristics and its influencing factors in Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016.
	[ 汪磊 . 雅鲁藏布江流域水化学特征及影响因素研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2016.]
[8]	Wang Mingguo, Li Shehong, Wang Hui , et al. Distribution of arsenic in surface water in Tibet. Environmental Science, 2012,33(10):3411-3416.
	[ 王明国, 李社红, 王慧 , 等. 西藏地表水中砷的分布. 环境科学, 2012,33(10):3411-3416.]
[9]	Li S, Wang M, Yang Q , et al. Enrichment of arsenic in surface water, stream sediments and soils in Tibet. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012,135(6):104-116.
[10]	Deng Wei . Research on fundamental characteristic of hydrochemistry in the region of the Changjiang River headwater. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1988,8(4):363-370.
	[ 邓伟 . 长江河源区水化学基本特征的研究. 地理科学, 1988,8(4):363-370.]
[11]	Cao Deyun . Yangtze River source area water environment and hydrochemistry background characteristic [D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2013.
	[ 曹德云 . 长江源区水环境及水化学背景特征[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2013.]
[12]	Wu W, Yang J, Xu S , et al. Geochemistry of the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Tongtianhe and Jinshajiang: Silicate weathering and co consumption. Applied Geochemistry, 2008,23(12):3712-3727. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.09.005
[13]	Tan Liwei, Li Fuxue, Liu Zhenping , et al. Study on groundwater characteristics and development in permafrost region of Tuotuo River. Yellow River, 2016,38(5):62-67.
	[ 谭立渭, 李富学, 李振萍 , 等. 沱沱河多年冻土区地下水特征及开发利用研究. 人民黄河, 2016,38(5):62-67.]
[14]	Hou Zhaohua, Xu Hai, An Zhisheng . Major ion chemistry of waters in Lake Qinghai catchment and the possible controls. Earth & Environment, 2009,37(1):11-19.
	[ 侯昭华, 徐海, 安芷生 . 青海湖流域水化学主离子特征及控制因素初探. 地球与环境, 2009,37(1):11-19.]
[15]	Jin Z, Yu J, Wang S , et al. Constraints on water chemistry by chemical weathering in the lake qinghai catchment, northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China): Clues from Sr and its isotopic geochemistry. Hydrogeology Journal, 2009,17(8):2037-2048. doi: 10.1007/s10040-009-0480-9
[16]	Xiao J, Jin Z, Zhang F , et al. Major ion geochemistry of shallow groundwater in the Qinghai Lake catchment, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2012,67(5):1331-1344. doi: 10.1007/s12665-012-1576-4
[17]	Zhe M, Zhang X, Wang B , et al. Hydrochemical regime and its mechanism in Yamzhog Yumco Basin, south Tibet. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017,27(9):1111-1122. doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1425-1
[18]	Sun Rui, Zhang Xueqin, Wu Yanhong . Major ion chemistry of water and its controlling factors in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, south Tibet. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2012,24(4):600-608.
	[ 孙瑞, 张雪芹, 吴艳红 . 藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学主离子特征及其控制因素. 湖泊科学, 2012,24(4):600-608.]
[19]	Sun Rui, Zhang Xueqin, Zheng Du . Spatial variation and its causes of water chemical property in Yamzhog Yumco Basin, south Tibet. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(1):36-44.
	[ 孙瑞, 张雪芹, 郑度 . 藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学区域差异及其成因. 地理学报, 2013,68(1):36-44.]
[20]	Zhang Xueqin, Sun Rui, Zhu Liping . Lake water in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin in South Tibetan region: Quality and evaluation. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012,34(4):950-958.
	[ 张雪芹, 孙瑞, 朱立平 . 藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊水质状况及其评价. 冰川冻土, 2012,34(4):950-958.]
[21]	Ju J, Zhu L P, Wang J , et al. Water and sediment chemistry of Lake Pumayum Co, South Tibet, China: Implications for interpreting sediment carbonate. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010,43(3):463-474. doi: 10.1007/s10933-009-9343-6
[22]	Zhu L, Ju J, Yong W , et al. Composition, spatial distribution, and environmental significance of water ions in Pumayum Co catchment, southern Tibet. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010,20(1):109-120. doi: 10.1007/s11442-010-0109-x
[23]	Gao Tanguang, Kang Shichang, Zhang Qianggong , et al. Major ionic features and their sources in the Nam Co Basin over the Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Science, 2008,29(11):3009-3016.
	[ 高坛光, 康世昌, 张强弓 , 等. 青藏高原纳木错流域河水主要离子化学特征及来源. 环境科学, 2008,29(11):3009-3016.]
[24]	Guo Junming, Kang Shichang, Zhang Qianggong , et al. Temporal and spatial variations of major ions in Nam Co Lake Water, Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Science, 2012,33(7):2295-2302.
	[ 郭军明, 康世昌, 张强弓 , 等. 青藏高原纳木错湖水主要化学离子的时空变化特征. 环境科学, 2012,33(7):2295-2302.]
[25]	Wang Junbo, Ju Jianting, Zhu Liping . Water chemistry variations of lake and inflowing rivers between preand post-monsoon season in Nam Co, Tibet. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013,33(1):90-96.
	[ 王君波, 鞠建廷, 朱立平 . 季风期前后西藏纳木错湖水及入湖河流水化学特征变化. 地理科学, 2013,33(1):90-96.]
[26]	Yao Z, Rui W, Liu Z , et al. Spatial-temporal patterns of major ion chemistry and its controlling factors in the Manasarovar Basin, Tibet. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015,26(6):687-700.
[27]	Tian Y, Yu C, Luo K , et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and element contents of natural waters in Tibet, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015,25(6):669-686. doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1195-6
[28]	Guo Q, Wang Y . Hydrochemical anomaly of drinking waters in some endemic Kashin-Beck disease areas of Tibet, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2012,65(3):659-667. doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-1113-x
[29]	Zhang M, Gustafsson J E . The tibetan water environment: Water chemistry of some surface waters in southern Tibet. Ambio, 1995,24(6):385-387.
[30]	Sheng Y, Rui Y, Yu Y . Heavy metal pollution in water of rivers and lake in Tibet by ICP-MS. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2012,24(11):5403-5404.
[31]	Li Shunjiang, Yang Linsheng, Wang Wuyi , et al. Study on the relationship between selenium concentrations in drinking water and Kaschin-Beck disease in Tibet. Chinese Journal of Endemiology, 2006,25(4):428-429.
	[ 李顺江, 杨林生, 王五一 , 等. 西藏大骨节病与饮水硒关系研究. 中华地方病学杂志, 2006,25(4):428-429.]
[32]	Grange M L, Mathieu F, Begaux F , et al. Kashin-Beck disease and drinking water in central Tibet. International Orthopaedics, 2001,25(3):167-169. doi: 10.1007/s002640000194
[33]	Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J , et al. Fluoride concentrations of water sources in Tibet. Fluoride, 2000,33(4):205-209.
[34]	Zhao T, Chen Y, Yao W , et al. The spatiotemporal distribution of two bacterial indexes in a small Tibetan Plateau watershed. Water, 2017,9(11):823. doi: 10.3390/w9110823
[35]	Nie Lixia . Analysis of microbial indicators of drinking water in rural areas of six counties in Tibet. Tibet Medical Journal, 2011,32(1):56-57.
	[ 聂立夏 . 西藏6县农村生活饮用水微生物指标分析. 西藏医药, 2011,32(1):56-57.]
[36]	Zhang Xianying, Li Xiaoju, Bu Du , et al. Analysis on sanitary surveillance of drinking water quality in Nyingchi region of Tibet in 2011. Tibet Medical Journal, 2013,34(1):62-64.
	[ 张宪英, 李晓菊, 布都 , 等. 2011年西藏林芝地区生活饮用水水质卫生监测分析. 西藏医药, 2013,34(1):62-64.]
[37]	Zhang Yili, Li Bingyuan, Zheng Du . A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China. Geographical Research, 2002,21(1):1-8.
	[ 张镱锂, 李炳元, 郑度 . 论青藏高原范围与面积. 地理研究, 2002,21(1):1-8.]
[38]	Lu Yan, Li Yubin , Mimapuchi, et al. Evolution of structural geology and metallogenic unite, Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region. Geological Review, 2016,62(b11):219-220.
	[ 陆彦, 李玉彬, 米玛普尺 , 等. 西藏自治区的构造地质演化和成矿地质单元划分. 地质论评, 2016,62(b11):219-220.]
[39]	National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China, China Statistical Yearbook-2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2017.
	[ 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴-2017. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2017.]
[40]	Tang Qicheng, He Xiwu, Zhao Chunian. Water Resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House, 2003.
	[ 汤奇成, 何希吾, 赵楚年 . 青藏高原的水资源. 北京: 中国藏学出版社, 2003.]
[41]	Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Standards Examination Methods for Drinking Water. 2006, GB/T 5750-2006.
	[ 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会 . 生活饮用水标准检验方法. 2006, GB/T 5750-2006.]
[42]	Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Standards for Drinking Water Quality. 2006, GB 5749-2006.
	[ 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会 . 生活饮用水卫生标准. 2006, GB 5749-2006.]
[43]	Ministry of Environment Protection of the People's Republic of China. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste Water. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002.
	[ 国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会. 水和废水监测分析方法. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2013.]
[44]	EPA, U S . Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography. Ohio: Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Office of Research and Decelopment, 1993.
[45]	Shen Zhaoli . Hydrogeochemical Basis. 3rd ed. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993.
	[ 沈照理 . 水文地球化学基础. 3版. 北京: 地质出版社, 1993.]
[46]	Li S, Zhang Q . Geochemistry of the upper Han River Basin, China, 1: Spatial distribution of major ion compositions and their controlling factors. Applied Geochemistry, 2008,23(12):3535-3544. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.08.012
[47]	Chen J, Wang F, Xia X , et al. Major element chemistry of the Changjiang (Yangtze River). Chemical Geology, 2002,187:231-255. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00032-3
[48]	WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
[49]	Piper A M . A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water‐analyses. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1944,25(6):914-928. doi: 10.1029/TR025i006p00914
[50]	Gibbs R J . Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 1970,170(3962):1088-1090. doi: 10.1126/science.170.3962.1088
[51]	Meybeck M . Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads. American Journal of Science, 1987,287(5):401-428. doi: 10.2475/ajs.287.5.401
[52]	Dalai T K, Krishnaswami S, Sarin M M . Major ion chemistry in the headwaters of the Yamuna River system: Chemical weathering, its temperature dependence and CO₂ consumption in the Himalaya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002,66(19):3397-3416. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00937-7
[53]	Meybeck M, Helmer R . The quality of rivers: From pristine stage to global pollution. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 1989,75(4):283-309. doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(89)90191-0
[54]	Ahmad T, Khanna P P, Chakrapani G J , et al. Geochemical characteristics of water and sediment of the Indus River, Trans-himalaya, India: Constraints on weathering and erosion. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 1998,16(2-3):333-346. doi: 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00016-6
[55]	Reeder S W, Hitchon B, Levinson A A . Hydrogeochemistry of the surface waters of the Mackenzie River drainage basin, Canada-I. Factors controlling inorganic composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1972,36(8):825-865. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(72)90053-1
[56]	Zhu Bingqi, Yang Xiaoping . Chemical characteristics and origin of natural water in the Taklimakan Desert. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2007,52(13):1561-1566.
	[ 朱秉启, 杨小平 . 塔克拉玛干沙漠天然水体的化学特征及其成因. 科学通报, 2007,52(13):1561-1566.]
[57]	Nemeth A, Paolini J, Herrera R. Carbon transport in the Orinoco River: The preliminary results. In: Nairobi, Kenya: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment/United Nations Environment Programme Sonderband Heft, 1982.
[58]	Katz B G, Böhlke J K, Hornsby H D . Timescales for nitrate contamination of spring waters, northern Florida, USA. Chemical Geology, 2001,179:167-186. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00321-7
[59]	Böhlke J K, Denver J M . Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical, and isotopic analyses to resolve the history and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal plain, Maryland. Water Resources Research, 1995,31(9):2319-2339. doi: 10.1029/95WR01584
[60]	Holloway J M, Dahlgren R A, Hansen B , et al. Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate concentrations in stream water. Nature, 1998,395:785-788. doi: 10.1038/27410
[61]	Roy S, Gaillardet J, Allègre C J . Geochemistry of dissolved and suspended loads of the Seine River, France: Anthropogenic impact, carbonate and silicate weathering. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999,63(9):1277-1292. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00099-X
[62]	Cruz J V L, Amaral C S . Major ion chemistry of groundwater from perched-water bodies of the Azores (Portugal) volcanic archipelago. Applied Geochemistry, 2004,19(3):445-459. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00135-5
[63]	Yao T, Thompson L G, Qin D , et al. Variations in temperature and precipitation in the past 2000 a on the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau: Guliya ice core record. Science in China (Series D), 1996,39(4):425-433.
[64]	Chang Huiqin, Xu Wenyong, Yuan Jie , et al. Current situation of grassland resources and grazing capacity in Ali, Tibet. Pratacultural Science, 2012,29:1660-1664.
	[ 畅慧勤, 徐文勇, 袁杰 , 等. 西藏阿里草地资源现状及载畜量. 草业科学, 2012,29(11):1660-1664.]
[65]	Meenakshi, Maheshwari R C . Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006,137(1):456-463. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024

向量编号	西部边界地区		南部边界地区		东北部边界地区
向量编号	特征值	方差百分比(%)	特征值	方差百分比(%)	特征值	方差百分比(%)
1	7.3178	52.2703	6.9330	49.5215	6.9762	49.8304
2	3.4631	24.7362	2.1551	15.3934	2.3914	17.0814
3	1.1666	8.3326	1.4682	10.4873	1.9171	13.6934
4	0.6698	4.7843	0.9467	6.7622	1.1243	8.0310
5	0.4954	3.5387	0.7184	5.1313	0.7262	5.1872
6	0.3340	2.3859	0.7059	5.0418	0.5176	3.6968
7	0.2622	1.8729	0.4028	2.8774	0.1330	0.9501
8	0.1449	1.0349	0.3045	2.1753	0.1023	0.7308
9	0.1013	0.7236	0.2039	1.4561	0.0677	0.4835
10	0.0368	0.2627	0.0923	0.6594	0.0241	0.1724
11	0.0076	0.0542	0.0662	0.4728	0.0196	0.1397
12	0.0005	0.0037	0.0019	0.0135	0.0005	0.0034
13	0.0000	0.0000	0.0011	0.0079	0.0000	0.0000
14	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Hydrochemical characteristics and factors controlling of natural water in the western, southern, and northeastern border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 13

References 65

Related Articles 1

Metrics

Comments

参数	GB^[42]	WHO^[48]	浓度超过饮用水标准的数量
参数	GB^[42]	WHO^[48]	西部边界	南部边界	东北部边界
pH	6.5~8.5	6.5~9.5	9 (50%)	0	0
TDS	1000	1000	0	0	0
TH	450	500	0	4 (7.5%)	1 (5.9%)
Ca²⁺	-	300	0	0	0
Mg²⁺	-	300	0	0	0
Na⁺	200	200	0	0	0
Cl^-	250	250	0	0	0
SO₄^2-	250	250	0	6 (11%)	0
NO₃^-	10	50	1 (5.6%)	1 (1.9%)	1 (5.9%)

参数	边界地区			GB^[42]	WHO^[48]
参数	西部	南部	东北部	GB^[42]	WHO^[48]
NO₂^- (mg/L)	n.a.	0.02	0.08	-	3
NO₃^- (mg/L)	3.41	1.71	4.38	10	50
SO₄^2- (mg/L)	46.91	74.45	24.53	250	250
PO₄^3- (mg/L)	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	-	-