基于3S技术方法的中国冰湖编目

doi:10.11821/dlxb201903011

Abstract

Abstract:

The glacial lake inventory of China based on the unified and standardized specifications with 3S (RS, GIS and GPS) technology has been finished for the first time. The overall distribution of glacial lakes of China in 2015 has been mapped on the basis of 159 landsat 8 OLI remote sensing images, the second Chinese glacier inventory data and Google Earth image data by manual visual interpretation method. The results show that there are 17300 glacial lakes in China at present with a total area of 1132.83±147.449 km², and the glacier-fed lake accounted for about 74.6% of the total area of glacial lakes and 66.5% of the total number in China. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of glacial lake appears significantly heterogeneous. There are a huge number of glacial lakes in the outflow basin, and the Ganges-Brahmaputra is the most densely distributed basin of glacial lakes in China, where survive 7898 glacial lakes with an area of about 622.42±75.55 km², accounting for the total number of 45.7% and 54.9% of the country, respectively. Additionally, the glacial lakes in China cover an altitude of 2167-6247 m. The glacial lakes area distribution at different altitudes in each mountain range roughly presents in normal shape and the peak value appears in the altitude bands of about 5000-5500 m, accounting for 36.7% (975.06±128.83 km²) of the total area. As far as the glacial lake distribution in different mountain ranges was concerned, the glacial lakes in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains and the Himalayas are the most concentrated ones among 13 mountains of western China, accounting for about 28.3% and 26.4% of the total area in China, respectively.

Key words: glacial lake inventory, remote sensing data, specifications and methods, glacial lake distribution

Chengde YANG, Xin WANG, Junfeng WEI, Qionghuan LIU, Anxin LU, Yong ZHANG, Zhiguang TANG. Chinese glacial lake inventory based on 3S technology method[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(3): 544-556.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 1

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

References 54

[1]	Qin Dahe, Yao Tandong, Ding Yongjian, et al.Glossary of Cryosphere Science. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2014.
	[秦大河, 姚檀栋, 丁永建, 等. 冰冻圈科学辞典. 2版. 北京: 气象出版社, 2014.]
[2]	Wang X, Liu Q, Liu S, et al.Heterogeneity of glacial lake expansion and its contrasting signals with climate change in Tarim Basin, Central Asia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016, 75(8): 696. doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-5498-4
[3]	Zhang G, Yao T, Xie H, et al.An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming. Global and Planetary Change, 2015, 131: 148-157. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013
[4]	Wang Xin, Liu Shiyin, Mo Hongwei, et al.Expansion of glacial lakes and its implication for climate changes in the Chinese Himalaya. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(7): 895-904. doi: 10.11821/xb201107003
	[王欣, 刘时银, 莫宏伟, 等. 我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖扩张特征及其气候意义. 地理学报, 2011, 66(7): 895-904.] doi: 10.11821/xb201107003
[5]	Yao Xiaojun, Liu Shiyin, Han Lei, et al.Definition and classification systems of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(7): 1173-1183. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201707004
	[姚晓军, 刘时银, 韩磊, 等. 冰湖的界定与分类体系: 面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究. 地理学报, 2017, 72(7): 1173-1183.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201707004
[6]	Xu Daoming, Liu Chaohai, Feng Qinghua.Dangerous glacial lake and outburst features in Xizang Himalayas. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1989, 44(3): 343-352. doi: 10.11821/xb198903010
	[徐道明, 冯清华. 西藏喜马拉雅山区危险冰湖及其溃决特征. 地理学报, 1989, 44(3): 343-352.] doi: 10.11821/xb198903010
[7]	Nie Y, Liu Q, Wang J, et al.An inventory of historical glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas based on remote sensing observations and geomorphological analysis. Geomorphology, 2018, 308: 91-106. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.002
[8]	Che Tao, Jin Rui, Li Xin, et al.Glacial lakes variation and the potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Pumqu Basin of Tibet during the last two decades. Journal of Glacialogy and Geocryology, 2004, 26(4): 397-402. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.04.004
	[车涛, 晋锐, 李新, 等. 近20a来西藏朋曲流域冰湖变化及潜在溃决冰湖分析. 冰川冻土, 2004, 26(4): 397-402.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.04.004
[9]	Chen Xiaoqing, Cui Peng, Yang Zhong, et al.Change in glaciers and glacier lakes in Boiqu River Basin, Middle Himalayas during last 15 years. Journal of Glacialogy and Geocryology, 2005, 27(6): 793-800. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.06.002
	[陈晓清, 崔鹏, 杨忠, 等. 近15a喜玛拉雅山中段波曲流域冰川和冰湖变化. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(6): 793-800.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.06.002
[10]	Gong Peng, Yao Xiaojun, Sun Meiping, et al.Spatial-temporal variations of glacial lakes in the Koshi River Basin from 1967 to 2014. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(24): 1-11. doi: 10.5846/stxb201611012223
	[宫鹏, 姚晓军, 孙美平, 等. 1967-2014年科西河流域冰湖时空变化. 生态学报, 2017, 37(24): 1-11.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201611012223
[11]	Raj K B G, Kumar K V. Inventory of glacial lakes and its evolution in Uttarakhand Himalaya using time series satellite data. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2016, 44(6): 959-976. doi: 10.1007/s12524-016-0560-y
[12]	Wan W, Long D, Hong Y, et al.A lake data set for the Tibetan Plateau from the 1960s, 2005, and 2014. Scientific Data, 2016, 3: 160039. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.39 pmid: 4915272
[13]	Cook S J, Kougkoulos I, Edwards L A, et al.Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes. The Cryosphere, 2016, 10(5): 2399-2413. doi: 10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016
[14]	Petrov M A, Sabitov T Y, Tomashevskaya I G, et al.Glacial lake inventory and lake outburst potential in Uzbekistan. Science of The Total Environment, 2017, 592: 228-242. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.068 pmid: 28319710
[15]	Ukita J, Narama C, Tadono T, et al.Glacial lake inventory of Bhutan using Alos data: Methods and preliminary results. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, 52(58): 65-71. doi: 10.3189/172756411797252293
[16]	Wang X, Ding Y Liu S, et al. Changes of glacial lakes and implications in Tian Shan, Central Asia, based on remote sensing data from 1990 to 2010. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(4): 044052. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044052
[17]	Wang X, Chai K, Liu S, et al.Changes of glaciers and glacial lakes implying corridor-barrier effects and climate change in the Hengduan Shan, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology, 2017, 63(239): 1-8. doi: 10.1017/jog.2016.103
[18]	Liu Q, Guo W, Nie Y, et al.Recent glacier and glacial lake changes and their interactions in the Bugyai Kangri, southeast Tibet. Annals of Glaciology, 2016, 57(71): 61-69. doi: 10.3189/2016AoG71A415
[19]	Song C, Sheng Y, Wang J, et al.Heterogeneous glacial lake changes and links of lake expansions to the rapid thinning of adjacent glacier termini in the Himalayas. Geomorphology, 2017, 280: 30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.12.002
[20]	Wang Xin, Liu Shiyin, Yao Xiaojun, et al.Glacier lake investigation and inventory in the Chinese Himalayas based on the remote sensing data. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(1): 29-36. doi: 10.11821/xb201001004
	[王欣, 刘时银, 姚晓军, 等. 我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目. 地理学报, 2010, 65(1): 29-36.] doi: 10.11821/xb201001004
[21]	Huggel C, Kääb A, Haeberli W, et al.Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: A case study in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2002, 39(2): 316-330. doi: 10.1139/t01-099
[22]	Bolch T, Buchroithner M F, Peters J, et al.Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Mt. Everest region/Nepal using spaceborne imagery. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2008, 8(6): 1329-1340. doi: 10.5194/nhess-8-1329-2008
[23]	Rounce D, Watson C S, Mckinney D.Identification of hazard and risk for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya using satellite imagery from 2000-2015. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(7): 654. doi: 10.3390/rs9070654
[24]	Mool P K, Bajracharya S R, Joshi S P, et al.Inventory of glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods: Monitoring and early warning systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region: Nepal. Katgnabdy, Nepal: ICIMOD, 2001.
[25]	Rounce D R, Mckinney D C, Lala J M, et al.A new remote hazard and risk assessment framework for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences Discussions, 2016, 20(9): 1-48. doi: 10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016
[26]	Hanshaw M N, Bookhagen B.Glacial areas, lake areas, and snow lines from 1975 to 2012: Status of the Cordillera Vilcanota, including the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Northern Central Andes, Peru. The Cryosphere, 2014, 8(2): 359-376. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-359-2014
[27]	Mool P K, Wangda D, Bajracharya S R, et al.Inventory of glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods: Monitoring and early warning systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region: Bhutan. Katgnabdy, Nepal: ICIMOD, 2001.
[28]	Worni R, Huggel C, Stoffel M. Glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayas: From an area-wide glacial lake inventory to on-site and modeling based risk. Science of The Total Environment, 2013, 468-469: S71-84.
[29]	Nie Y, Sheng Y, Liu Q, et al.A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, 189: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008
[30]	Li J, Sheng Y.An automated scheme for glacial lake dynamics mapping using Landsat imagery and digital elevation models: A case study in the Himalayas. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2012, 33(16): 5194-5213. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2012.657370
[31]	Nie Y, Liu Q, Liu S.Glacial lake expansion in the Central Himalayas by Landsat Images, 1990-2010. Plos One, 2013, 8(12): e83973. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083973 pmid: 24376778
[32]	Bhardwaj A, Singh M K, Joshi P K, et al.A lake detection algorithm (LDA) using Landsat 8 data: A comparative approach in glacial environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2015, 38: 150-163. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2015.01.004
[33]	Cao Xuecheng, Liu Zhouzhou, Li Weisheng.Glacial lake mapping and analysis of the potentially dangerous glacial lakes before Nepal 4·25 Earthquake in 2015. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(3): 573-583. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0064
	[曹学诚, 刘周周, 李维胜. 尼泊尔4·25地震震前冰湖制图与潜在危险性分析. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(3): 573-583.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0064
[34]	Jawak S D, Kulkarni K, Luis A J.A review on extraction of lakes from remotely sensed optical satellite data with a special focus on cryospheric lakes. Advances in Remote Sensing, 2015, 4(3): 196-213. doi: 10.4236/ars.2015.43016
[35]	Yagol P, Manandhar A, Ghimire P, et al.Identification of locations for potential glacial lakes formation using remote sensing technology. Nepalese Journal of Geoinformatics, 2013, 12: 10-16.
[36]	Gardelle J, Arnaud Y, Berthier E.Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009. Global and Planetary Change, 2011, 75(1/2): 47-55. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003
[37]	Li Junli, Sheng Yongwei, Luo Jiancheng.Automatic extraction of Himalayan glacial lakes with remote sensing. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(1): 29-43. doi: 10.11834/jrs.20110103
	[李均力, 盛永伟, 骆剑承. 喜马拉雅山地区冰湖信息的遥感自动化提取. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(1): 29-43.] doi: 10.11834/jrs.20110103
[38]	Zhang M, Chen F, Tian B.An automated method for glacial lake mapping in High Mountain Asia using Landsat 8 imagery. Journal of Mountain Science, 2018, 15(1): 13-24. doi: 10.1007/s11629-017-4518-5
[39]	Salerno F, Thakuri S, D'Agata C, et al. Glacial lake distribution in the Mount Everest region: Uncertainty of measurement and conditions of formation.Global and Planetary Change, 2012, 92/93: 30-39. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.04.001
[40]	Paul F, Huggel C, Kääb A.Combining satellite multispectral image data and a digital elevation model for mapping debris-covered glaciers. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 89(4): 510-518. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.007
[41]	Hall D K, Bayr K J, Schöner W, et al.Consideration of the errors inherent in mapping historical glacier positions in Austria from the ground and space (1893-2001). Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003, 86(4): 566-577. doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00134-2
[42]	Fujita K, Sakai A, Nuimura T, et al.Recent changes in Imja glacial lake and its damming moraine in the Nepal Himalaya revealed by in situ surveys and multi-temporal ASTER imagery. Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4(4): 045205. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045205
[43]	Jiang L, Nielsen K, Andersen O B, et al.Monitoring recent lake level variations on the Tibetan Plateau using CryoSat-2 SARIn mode data. Journal of Hydrology, 2017, 544: 109-124. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.024
[44]	Wu G, Liu Y, Zhang Q, et al.The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, 8(4): 770-789. doi: 10.1175/JHM609.1
[45]	Yang K, Wu H, Qin J, et al.Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: A review. Global and Planetary Change, 2014, 112: 79-91. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001
[46]	Yao T, Thompson L, Yang W, et al.Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2(9): 663-667. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1580
[47]	Song C, Sheng Y, Ke L, et al.Glacial lake evolution in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and the cause of rapid expansion of proglacial lakes linked to glacial-hydrogeomorphic processes. Journal of Hydrology, 2016, 540: 504-514. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.054
[48]	Wang W, Xiang Y, Gao Y, et al.Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas. Hydrological Processes, 2015, 29(6): 859-874. doi: 10.1002/hyp.10199
[49]	Zhang G, Yao T, Piao S, et al.Extensive and drastically different alpine lake changes on Asia's high plateaus during the past four decades. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017, 44(1): 252-260. doi: 10.1002/2016GL072033
[50]	Fujita K, Sakai A.Modelling runoff from a Himalayan debris-covered glacier. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2014, 18(7): 2679-2694. doi: 10.5194/hess-18-2679-2014
[51]	Wang Xin, Wu Kunpeng, Jiang Lianghong, et al.Wide expansion of glacial lakes in Tianshan Mountains during 1990-2010. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7): 983-993.
	[王欣, 吴坤鹏, 蒋亮虹, 等. 近20年天山地区冰湖变化特征. 地理学报, 2013, 68(7): 983-993.]
[52]	Song C, Huang B, Richards K, et al.Accelerated lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau in the 2000s: Induced by glacial melting or other processes? Water Resources Research, 2014, 50(4): 3170-3186. doi: 10.1002/2013WR014724
[53]	Wang Xin, Liu Shiyin, Guo Wanqin, et al.Hazard assessment of moraine-dammed lake outburst floods in the Himalayas, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(7): 782-790. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.07.002
	[王欣, 刘时银, 郭万钦, 等. 我国喜马拉雅山区冰碛湖溃决危险性评价. 地理学报, 2009, 64(7): 782-790.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.07.002
[54]	Wang S, Qin D, Xiao C.Moraine-dammed lake distribution and outburst flood risk in the Chinese Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology, 2017, 61(225): 115-126. doi: 10.3189/2015JoG14J097

流域分区	流域代码	流域名称	面积(km²)	数量(个)	平均规模(km²)
内流区	5X	中亚内陆流域	15.39±2.73	410	0.04±0.01
	5Y	东亚内陆流域	92.26±12.07	1602	0.06±0.01
	5Z	青藏高原内陆流域	148.23±19.65	2466	0.06±0.01
		合计	255.88±34.45	4478	0.06±0.01
外流区	5A	鄂毕河流域	32.47±5.44	658	0.05±0.01
	5J	黄河流域	11.37±1.17	159	0.07±0.01
	5K	长江流域	91.09±13.66	1985	0.05±0.01
	5L	湄公河流域	8.85±1.53	211	0.04±0.01
	5N	萨尔温江流域	77.68±11.45	1437	0.05±0.01
	5O	恒河-雅鲁藏布江流域	622.42±75.55	7898	0.08±0.01
	5Q	印度河流域	33.06±4.25	474	0.07±0.01
		合计	876.95±113.04	12822	0.07±0.01
总计			1132.83±147.49	17300	0.07±0.01

Chinese glacial lake inventory based on 3S technology method

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 54

Related Articles 4

Metrics

Comments

[1]	YAO Yonghui, ZHANG Junyao, SUONAN Dongzhu. Compilation of 1∶50000 vegetation type map with remote sensing images based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain in the north-south transitional zone of China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(3): 620-630.
[2]	ZHAO Guining, ZHANG Zhengyong, LIU Lin, XU Liping, WANG Puyu, LI Li, NING Shan. Changes of glacier mass balance in Manas river basin based on multi-source remote sensing data [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(1): 98-112.
[3]	FAN Keke,ZHANG Qiang,SHI Peijun,SUN Peng,YU Huiqian. Evaluation of remote sensing and reanalysis soil moisture products on the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(9): 1778-1791.
[4]	Bingfang WU, Miao ZHANG. Remote sensing: Observations to data products [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(11): 2093-2111.