中国冰川区表碛厚度估算及其影响研究进展

doi:10.11821/dlxb201709006

Abstract

Abstract:

Debris-covered glaciers, characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones, are widespread in high mountain regions of western China. Supraglacial debris cover on glaciers has the unique thermal process relative to exposed snow and ice, the spatial distribution of which influences both rates and spatial patterns of melting. Due to the debris-cover effect, the responses of debris-covered glaciers to climate change are more complex compared to those of debris-free glaciers. In addition, debris-covered glaciers generally contain a large ice volume, and mass changes of these glaciers are expected to have significant impacts on the regional-scale evolution of river discharge and water resources. However, a better understanding of debris-cover effect in glacier status and hydrology at a regional scale remains a challenge. The difficulty of such a study arises mainly from limited knowledge of the large-scale spatial distribution of the thickness and properties of the debris cover in western China. This study systematically reviews the impacts of the spatial distribution of debris thickness on melting beneath surface debris, mass change and runoff process on debris-covered glaciers. In particular, a physically-based assessment model for debris-cover effect is proposed, which is based on visible and near infrared and thermal infrared bands of remotely sensed data and surface energy-balance process of the debris layer. This model does not require high-quality input parameters related to the extent, thickness and thermal properties of the debris cover, and has been applied to different glaciers of western China for systematically assessing the significance of debris cover and its influence on spatial patterns of ice melting, mass balance and runoff. This approach provides an important insight into exploring the average status of debris-covered glaciers and its impacts on regional water resources in western China. Nevertheless, this approach does not consider the effect of the complex surface composed of co-existing debris-covered ice, bare ice, ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds in the ablation zone, and needs further improvement in the future.

Key words: debris-covered glacier, debris cover, thermal resistance, melting, water resources, China

Yong ZHANG, Shiyin LIU. Research progress on debris thickness estimation and its effect on debris-covered glaciers in western China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9): 1606-1620.

Figures/Tables 8

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山系	条数	面积 (km²)	所占全部冰川面积比例(%)	表碛区域面积(km²)	表碛区域占表碛型冰川面积比例(%)
阿尔金山	6	30.5	10.3	2.3	7.4
阿尔泰山	10	46.0	25.7	1.2	2.6
冈底斯山	9	28.1	2.2	2.5	9.0
横断山	26	166.5	11.8	30.0	18.0
喀喇昆仑山	274	2249.3	37.5	188.4	8.4
昆仑山	349	2214.6	18.9	182.3	8.2
念青唐古拉山	170	1336.5	13.7	125.7	9.4
帕米尔	132	1094.1	56.9	191.2	17.5
祁连山	12	28.0	1.8	1.1	4.0
羌塘高原	2	26.6	1.3	0.3	1.0
唐古拉山	7	47.1	2.6	2.3	4.9
天山	578	3938.0	54.1	480.9	12.2
喜马拉雅山	148	1769.4	27.6	285.6	16.1
总计	1723	12974.7	25.0	1493.7	11.5

区域	表碛覆盖比例(%)	表碛影响	表碛厚度(m)	参考文献
高加索山	8.1~23.0	抑制消融为主	-	[73]
阿尔泰山	3.7~25.8	抑制消融为主	-	[74]
天山托木尔峰地区	7.5~22.0	抑制消融为主,2%的区域加速消融	0~2.5	[1, 3, 26]
兴都库什—喀喇昆仑—喜马拉雅山地区	2.0~36.0	抑制消融为主	-	[5]
Langtang流域	19.0	抑制消融为主	-	[32, 56]
Trambau冰川流域	15.1	加速消融为主	-	[25]
贡嘎山地区	13.5	10.2%的消融区加速消融,40.8%抑制消融	0~1.4	[8]
新西兰南阿尔卑斯山区	8.0	抑制消融为主	0~3	[75]

冰川	海拔 (m a.s.l.)	面积 (km²)	长度 (km)	表碛面积比例(%)	表碛覆盖影响(%)
冰川	海拔 (m a.s.l.)	面积 (km²)	长度 (km)	表碛面积比例(%)	加速	抑制
海螺沟	2990~7556	25.7	13.1	6.4	44.0	17.0
大贡巴	3660~6684	21.2	11.0	16.8	3.0	56.0
磨子沟	3600~6886	26.8	11.6	1.74	2.0	11.0
燕子沟	3680~7556	32.2	11.7	11.7	41.0	50.1
南门关	3460~6540	16.7	10.0	20.1	17.0	35.6

Research progress on debris thickness estimation and its effect on debris-covered glaciers in western China

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