中国“三生空间”分类评价与时空格局分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201707013

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper created a land use classification system of production-living-ecological spaces based on analyzing the theories of production-living-ecological spaces and commanding the dialectical relationships between land use types and land use functions. The classification system perfectly connected to the state standard of land use classification. Based on this system, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of production-living-ecological spaces in China between 1990 and 2010. The results showed that: (1) The production spatial pattern almost unchanged between 1990 and 2010, and the production spaces were mainly distributed in the southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line, including Northeast China Plain, northwest Xinjiang, Ningxia, Lanzhou-Xining, Sichuan Basin, Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, Xiamen-Quanzhou-Zhangzhou, and Pearl River Delta, where China's urban agglomerations and main grain production areas were located in. (2) Living spaces were mainly distributed in China's urban agglomerations and cities, showing a spatial pattern of "high in the east and north regions, while low in the west and south regions". Its spatial expansion varied in different areas. Large-scale expansion of living spaces appeared in the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, while small-scale and point-type expansion in the major provincial capitals. (3) Ecological spaces were mainly distributed in the northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line, showing a spatial pattern of "high in the west and south regions, while low in the east and north regions". The expansion of ecological spaces were mainly in the Loess Plateau, Hulun Buir Glassland and Tianshan Mountains, while the reduction of ecological spaces were mainly in the Northeast China Plain, North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Ningxia and Xinjiang. (4) Industrialization and urbanization were the basic driving powers of changes of China's production-living-ecological spaces. The main reasons for regional spatial differences across China included farmland cultivation in Northwest and Northeast China, rapid urbanization in North China, Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, and reversion of farmland to forestland in the Loess Plateau. This research was valuable for the studies on classification and evaluation of production-living-ecological spaces.

Key words: production-living-ecological spaces, land use classification, integrated urban-rural development, ecological civilization, China

Jilai LIU, Yansui LIU, Yurui LI. Classification evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis of "production-living-ecological" spaces in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(7): 1290-1304.

Figures/Tables 13

Tab. 1

Production land use classification and the basis

	一级类		二级类		归类依据
	类别代码	类别名称		类别代码	类别名称
生产用地	5	商服用地	51	批发零售用地	批发零售、住宿餐饮、商务金融和其他商服用地为人们提供商业服务等重要生产功能,属于重要的生产用地。
			52	住宿餐饮用地
			53	商务金融用地
			54	其他商服用地
	6	工矿仓储用地	61	工业用地	工业用地、采矿用地和仓储用地为人们提供工业生产、物资存放场所,属于重要的生产用地。
			62	采矿用地
			63	仓储用地
	10	交通运输用地	101	铁路用地	铁路、公路、街巷、农村道路、机场、港口码头和管道运输等用地为人们提供重要的运输通行的地面线路、场站等,属于生产用地。
			102	公路用地
			103	街巷用地
			104	农村道路
			105	机场用地
			106	港口码头用地
			107	管道运输用地
	11	水域及水利设施用地	118	水工建筑用地	水工建筑用地包括人工修建的闸、坝、堤路林、水电厂房、扬水站等常水位岸线以上的建筑物用地。水工建筑用地提供了重要的水域生产功能,属生产用地。
半生产用地	1	耕地	11	水田	水田、水浇地和旱地是重要的农业生产用地,同时也具有一定的生态用地功能,属半生产用地。
			12	水浇地
			13	旱地
	2	园地	21	果园	果园、茶园和其他园地是重要的园林生产用地,同时具有一定的生态用地功能,属半生产用地。
			22	茶园
			23	其他园地
	8	公共管理与公共服务用地	81	机关团体用地	公共管理与公共服务用地为人们提供医疗、教育、文化、体育等公共服务和产品,同时公服用地具有一定的生活用地和生态用地功能,属于半生产用地。
			82	新闻出版用地
			83	科教用地
			84	医卫慈善用地
			85	文体娱乐用地
			86	公共设施用地
			88	风景名胜设施用地
	11	水域及水利设施用地	117	沟渠	设施农用地、田坎和沟渠是重要的农业生产用地,但同时具有一定的生态景观功能,属半生产用地。
	12	其他土地	122	设施农用地
	12	其他土地	123	田坎
弱生产用地	4	草地	41	天然牧草地	天然牧草地和人工牧草地具有较弱的生产功能,其主要功能是生态功能,属弱生产用地。
	4	草地	42	人工牧草地	天然牧草地和人工牧草地具有较弱的生产功能,其主要功能是生态功能,属弱生产用地。
	11	水域及水利设施用地	113	水库水面	水库水面和坑塘水面有一定的渔业生产功能,但主要功能是生态功能,属弱生产用地。
	11	水域及水利设施用地	114	坑塘水面	水库水面和坑塘水面有一定的渔业生产功能,但主要功能是生态功能,属弱生产用地。

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Ecological land use classification and the basis

	一级类		二级类		归类依据
	类别代码	类别名称		类别代码	类别名称
生态用地	3	林地	31	有林地	有林地、灌木林地和其他林地具有气候调节、大气调节功能,水土调节等生态系统调节功能,对生物多样性有重要作用,被称为“地球之肺”,是重要的生态用地。
			32	灌木林地
			33	其他林地
	4	草地	41	天然牧草地	天然牧草地和其他草地具有提供生物产品、大气调节、气候调节、水涵养、水土保持、生态景观和休憩娱乐等功能,属于重要的生态用地。
	4	草地	43	其他草地
	11	水域及水利设施用地	111	河流水面	河流、湖泊、水库和坑塘水面具有调节区域气温、稳定局部气候的重要作用;湿地作为“地球之肾”,有水涵养和净化的重要作用;冰川及永久积雪具有水涵养、气候调节等功能,属重要的生态用地。
			112	湖泊水面
			115	沿海滩涂
			116	内陆滩涂
			119	冰川及永久积雪
	12	其他土地	121	空闲地	空闲地具有重要的景观生态功能,沙地、裸地、盐碱地是天然的土地覆被类型,属重要的生态用地。
			124	盐碱地
			125	沼泽地
			126	沙地
			127	裸地
半生态用地	1	耕地	11	水田	耕地、园地具有提供粮食、水果和其他生物产品的生态系统供给服务功能,还具有气候调节、大气调节、营养物质循环、水土调节等生态系统支持功能,同时也是重要的农业生产用地,属半生态用地。
			12	水浇地
			13	旱地
	2	园地	21	果园
			22	茶园
			23	其他园地
	12	其他土地	123	田坎	田坎因为有利于各种野菜的生长、种子传播,可种植作物,具有一定的生产功能,属半生态用地
弱生态用地	4	草地	42	人工牧草地	人工牧草地具有一定的生态服务价值,但同时也是重要的生产用地,属于弱生态用地。
	8	公共管理与公共服务用地	87	公园与绿地	为公众提供生态绿地,具有景观文化、局部气候调节、大气调节的生态服务功能,但同时也是重要的生活用地,属弱生态用地。
	11	水域及水利设施用地	113	水库水面	水库、坑塘、沟渠具有重要的生态服务功能,是重要的水涵养用地,同时具有一定的生产功能,属弱生态用地。
			114	坑塘水面
			117	沟渠
	12	其他土地	122	设施农用地	设施农用地是具有一定的生态景观功能,同时是重要的农业生产用地,属弱生态用地。

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

Tab. 7

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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Classification evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis of "production-living-ecological" spaces in China

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一级类		二级类		生产用地	生活用地	生态用地
编码	名称			生产用地	编码	名称
1	耕地	11	水田	3	0	3
		12	水浇地	3	0	3
		13	旱地	3	0	3
2	园地	21	果园	3	0	3
		22	茶园	3	0	3
		23	其他园地	3	0	3
3	林地	31	有林地	0	0	5
		32	灌木林地	0	0	5
		33	其他林地	0	0	5
4	草地	41	天然牧草地	1	0	5
		42	人工牧草地	1	0	1
		43	其他草地	0	0	5
5	商服用地	51	批发零售用地	5	1	0
		52	住宿餐饮用地	5	1	0
		53	商务金融用地	5	1	0
		54	其他商服用地	5	1	0
6	工矿仓储用地	61	工业用地	5	1	0
		62	采矿用地	5	1	0
		63	仓储用地	5	1	0
7	住宅用地	71	城镇住宅用地	3	5	0
7	住宅用地	72	农村宅基地	3	5	0
8	公共管理与公共服务用地	81	机关团体用地	3	3	0
		82	新闻出版用地	3	3	0
		83	科教用地	3	3	0
		84	医卫慈善用地	3	3	0
		85	文体娱乐用地	3	3	0
		86	公共设施用地	3	3	0
		87	公园与绿地	1	3	1
		88	风景名胜设施用地	3	3	0
9	特殊用地	91	军事设施用地	3	3	0
		92	使领馆用地	3	3	0
		93	监教场所用地	3	3	0
		94	宗教用地	3	3	0
		95	殡葬用地	3	3	0
10	交通运输用地	101	铁路用地	5	0	0
		102	公路用地	5	0	0
		103	街巷用地	5	0	0
		104	农村道路	5	0	0
		105	机场用地	5	0	0
		106	港口码头用地	5	0	0
		107	管道运输用地	5	0	0
11	水域及水利设施用地	111	河流水面	0	0	5
		112	湖泊水面	0	0	5
		113	水库水面	1	0	1
		114	坑塘水面	1	0	1
		115	沿海滩涂	0	0	5
		116	内陆滩涂	0	0	5
		117	沟渠	1	0	1
		118	水工建筑用地	5	0	0
		119	冰川及永久积雪	0	0	5
12	其他土地	121	空闲地	0	0	5
		122	设施农用地	1	0	1
		123	田坎	3	0	3
		124	盐碱地	0	0	5
		125	沼泽地	0	0	5
		126	沙地	0	0	5
		127	裸地	0	0	5

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