生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变

doi:10.11821/dlxb201607009

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, this study presents three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Results indicated the following: (1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more "transfer-into" than "transfer-out". Various scales of planting are represented among various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household > non-labor household > adequate labor household. (2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With the increase of labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor. (3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%-29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%-72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus. (4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, and potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household > half-labor household > non-labor household. (5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to non-agricultural household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture.

Key words: livelihood, crop farming, non-point source pollution, evolution, Three Gorges Reservoir area

Jianbing ZHONG, Jing'an SHAO, Yuzhu YANG. Characteristics of non-point source pollution load of crop farming undergoing the background of livelihood diversification[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(7): 1201-1214.

Figures/Tables 18

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年龄段(岁)	劳动力配置(人)
年龄段(岁)	仅务工	非劳动力	仅务农	务工为主兼务农	务农为主兼务工	总计
< 16	3	536	7	——	——	546
16~50	607	168	414	198	15	1402
50~65	25	23	427	45	9	529
> 65	1	77	253	4	2	337
总计	636	804	1101	247	26	2814

主导生计类型情景	主要生计资产	主导生计策略	土地依赖程度	土地流转强度	主要农户收益
农业主导生计	自然资产	农业生产	高	低	农产品
兼业转向生计	自然资产、人力资产	务农、兼业	较高	较强	非农收益、农产品
非农主导生计	人力资产、社会资产	务工	低	强	非农收益

样区名称	TN取值范围	TN均值	TP取值范围	TP均值
巫山样区	0.0675~0.3902	0.1221	0.0401~0.2321	0.0726
武隆样区	0.0485~0.4906	0.1006	0.0289~0.2919	0.0598

家庭类型	户均“劳动力”(人)	实际耕种^*	承包地^*	转入^*	转出^*	退耕地^*	撂荒地^*	TN^**	TP^**	总负荷量^**
劳动力家庭	1	9.02	17.93	1.11	2.16	6.69	1.17	35.70	18.02	53.72
	2	6.44	9.77	1.18	0.73	3.05	0.72	34.15	19.30	53.45
	3	7.00	9.22	1.67	0.96	2.22	0.70	38.45	20.19	58.64
	4	4.72	7.96	1.18	0.85	3.00	0.55	35.69	21.70	57.39
	5	4.79	8.38	0.38	0.13	3.00	0.84	28.77	19.09	47.86
半劳动力家庭	1	10.43	25.16	1.52	4.16	9.72	2.36	33.02	23.06	56.08
半劳动力家庭	2	11.34	22.55	1.81	1.57	9.82	1.64	37.53	23.40	60.92
无劳动力家庭	—	8.66	24.89	1.82	3.10	11.74	3.21	30.35	16.85	47.20
均值	—	6.81	11.21	1.31	1.06	3.79	0.87	35.59	19.98	55.57

农户生计类型	总负荷量	TN	TP
农业主导生计	17.22~16.22	11.59~11.88	5.63~4.33
兼业转向生计	13.04~12.08	9.45~8.76	3.58~3.33
非农主导生计	10.51~4.82	8.49~1.97	2.02~2.85

Characteristics of non-point source pollution load of crop farming undergoing the background of livelihood diversification

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农户类型	主导生计类型	总负荷量	TN	TP
劳动力家庭	农业主导生计	14.46~13.63	9.73~9.98	4.73~3.64
	兼业转向生计	11.09~10.29	8.04~7.45	3.05~2.84
	非农主导生计	8.83~4.05	7.13~1.65	1.70~2.39
半劳动力家庭	农业主导生计	1.99~1.88	1.34~1.38	0.65~0.50
	兼业转向生计	1.58~1.53	1.10~1.06	0.48~0.47
	非农主导生计	1.22~0.56	0.98~0.23	0.23~0.33
无劳动力家庭	农业主导生计	0.76~0.71	0.51~0.52	0.25~0.19
	兼业转向生计	0.56~0.46	0.44~0.37	0.11~0.09
	非农主导生计	0.46~0.21	0.37~0.09	0.09~0.13

家庭类型	户有“劳动力”(人)	户均人数	仅务工	无劳动力	仅务农	务工为主兼务农	务农为主兼务工
劳动力家庭	1	2.95	0.61	0.48	1.55	0.29	0.01
	2	4.66	0.97	1.57	1.65	0.40	0.06
	3	4.65	1.10	1.47	1.56	0.48	0.04
	4	5.52	2.01	1.49	1.48	0.52	0.01
	5	6.35	2.06	2.00	1.76	0.53	-
半劳动力家庭	1	1.73	0.03	0.16	1.35	0.14	0.05
半劳动力家庭	2	2.11	0.05	0.20	1.75	0.11	-
无劳动力家庭	-	1.76	0.02	0.12	1.61	-	-
均值	-	4.07	0.92	1.16	1.59	0.36	0.04

农户家庭类型	户有“劳动力”(人)	非农收入	种植业收入	养殖业收入	资助性收入	总收入
劳动力家庭	1	6335.43	244.25	921.22	1248.00	8748.90
	2	6565.66	579.68	700.35	681.03	8526.73
	3	7167.32	667.82	1246.90	438.14	9520.18
	4	8242.03	638.33	436.72	402.26	9719.34
	5	9952.04	669.19	655.09	255.39	11531.71
半劳动力家庭	1	1098.44	360.31	928.78	1501.07	3888.60
半劳动力家庭	2	1347.46	348.56	1674.15	1547.25	4917.42
无劳动力家庭	-	523.60	305.22	759.58	1775.10	3363.50
均值	-	6561.05	560.84	870.35	684.79	8677.01

农户生计类型	劳动力家庭			半劳动力家庭			无劳动力家庭
农户生计类型	户均		人均		户均	人均	户均	人均
农业主导生计	9650.16	2099.66		7565.44	3865.86		4623.30	2632.71
兼业转向生计	55906.36	12164.00		7565.44	3865.86		4669.72	2659.14
非农主导生计	58935.70	12823.12		13930.70	7118.44		4669.72	2659.14

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