拉萨八廓街地方性的游客认同建构

doi:10.11821/dlxb201510008

Abstract

Abstract:

Place is a subjective creation of human groups at regional level. Its structure changes with differences among diverse identity groups. In order to explore the dimensions and structure of placeness identity, this paper selects Barkhor Street in Lhasa as a case to conduct an empirical research from the tourists' perspective. Involving theoretical construction and empirical test, the research uses Grounded Theory and SEM to enrich the theoretical connotation of place theory and provide reference for further research. The authors build an exploratory theoretical model of tourists' placeness identity, which includes three categories-perceptional space, living space and subjective space, and seven subcategories-natural distinctiveness, cultural distinctiveness, self-efficiency, environmental manageability, consistency, attachment and self-esteem. Placeness identity is not a metaphysical concept, but a concept existing in the heart of each tourist. A questionnaire was developed to measure tourists' placeness identity. The scale consists of 23 items, which belong to seven dimensions. The scale is well-formed and has a good reliability and validity. The study finds that tourists tend to agree with the features of Barkhor Street' placeness. Perceptional space has the highest score, followed by living space and subjective space. In the seven subcategories, cultural distinctiveness is the highest, followed by natural distinctiveness, attachment, self-efficiency, environmental manageability, self-esteem, and consistency. This paper designed five competition models according to the theoretical structure. With confirmatory factor analysis, model five was found to be the best model which has good convergent validity and discriminant validity. The conclusion confirms the effectiveness of the exploratory model. In addition, this paper discusses the formation procedure of placeness, and the interaction between the production of space and placeness identity, as well as the level progression and transformation of placeness identity.

Key words: placeness, tourist identity, Barkhor Street, grounded theory, theory construction, scale development, Lhasa

Xianyang HU, Kai BAI. The construction of tourists' placeness identity of Barkhor Street in Lhasa[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(10): 1632-1663.

Figures/Tables 10

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References 64

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留言示例	初始概念	范畴
朝拜着雪山,这就是我的印象八廓(LY0001-3)	a₁雪山	A₁景色景致
牦牛羊群,这就是最后净土(LY0014-3)	a₂牦牛羊群
雄伟布达坐华西,神挑经文攀云梯(LY0027-1)	a₃布达拉宫
远眺大昭寺,看着八廓街上熙熙攘攘的人群,每一位来这里的客人都仿佛能感受到仓央嘉措诗中的情景(LY0013-1)	a₄八廓街
我才觉得这阳光是那么刚烈,那么威猛(LY0749-7）	a₅阳光
最蓝的天,最漂亮的虹(LY0770-3)	a₆天和虹
……	……	……
西藏—拉萨—玛吉阿米屋。亘古至今延绵不断,寄托我托起众生的信念(0742-3、4)。	a₅₂₆寄托信念之地	A₁₅行为之因
以前总在书里读你,却从未懂你。今天,我来到玛吉阿米,人来人往,唯独没有当年仓央嘉措对爱人的情意(0759-1、2)。	a₅₂₇不懂而来
因为最亲爱的妹子瑜,而让这座城市成为了令我向往,并且让我爱上促使我的到来(LY0134-1)	a₅₂₈因瑜而来
而我们来到这里是因为段十年的缘分,梦中的一个声音召唤我一定要与我生命中的那个他携手踏上这片净土,为了我们的信仰与爱的信念(LY0901-2)	a₅₂₉因缘而来
……	……	……
沐心之境,唯梦之行(LY0099-4)	A₉₁₂沐心唯梦	A₂₆心灵启迪
一个月的拉萨之旅,让浮躁的心沉淀(LY1123-1)	A₉₁₃心灵沉淀
八廓街充盈信仰,这让我的心更加充实,丰满！(LY0069-6)	A₉₁₄充实丰满
震撼心灵的洗礼(LY0078-5)	A₉₁₅心灵洗礼
来到这儿,让我看清了很多,我很快乐,我学会了原谅(LY0134-4)	A₉₁₆学会很多
……	……	……

开放编码提取的范畴		主轴编码提取的范畴
开放编码提取的范畴		副范畴		主范畴
A₁	景色景致	B₁	自然独特性	C₁	识觉空间
A₂	高原反应
A₃	环境气氛
A₄	工艺品	B₂	人文独特性
A₅	建筑
A₆	宗教文化
A₇	藏餐
A₈	民族特征
A₉	满足休闲需求	B₃	自我效能	C₂	生活空间
A₁₀	满足观光需求满足购物需求
A₁₁	满足观光需求满足购物需求
A₁₂	安全状况	B₄	环境可管理性
A₁₃	环境状况
A₁₄	交通状况
A₁₅	行为之因	B₅	一致性	C₃	主体空间
A₁₆	想起从前
A₁₇	感动
A₁₈	情感伤害
A₁₉	价值观
A₂₀	选择定居
A₂₁	影响计划
A₂₂	未来与这里密切相关
A₂₃	证明自我	B₆	自我尊重
A₂₄	梦与缘
A₂₅	提升自尊
A₂₆	心灵启迪
A₂₇	充满感情	B₇	依恋
A₂₈	愿意推荐
A₂₉	家庭相关
A₃₀	富有意义
A₃₁	归属感

维度	测量题项	均值	标准差	因子载荷	因子均值	解释总方差(%)
一致性	我的未来与这里紧密相连	3.22	1.153	0.892	3.184	16.605
	我打算定居在这里	3.14	1.181	0.857
	我将来的计划很大程度上受这次旅游影响	3.27	1.199	0.852
	这里让我想起从前	3.20	1.225	0.769
	来这里旅游与我过去的一些经历有关	3.09	1.237	0.716
依恋	我对这里充满感情,有机会还会再来	4.01	0.819	0.748	4.065	11.50
	我觉得这里是个具有特殊意义的地方	4.14	0.824	0.694
	我对这里归属感很强	4.14	0.769	0.582
	我对这里有一种家的感觉	3.97	0.845	0.545
自我尊重	能来这里旅游我感到自豪	3.96	0.818	0.657	3.94	9.281
	来这里旅游是我曾经的梦想	4.00	0.880	0.648
	来这里旅游可以证明自我	3.86	0.830	0.625
环境可管理性	这里没什么污染	4.15	0.773	0.701	3.943	9.186
	这里治安很好	3.99	0.846	0.689
	这里的交通秩序很好	3.69	0.919	0.678
自我效能	这里可以满足我休闲的需求	4.04	0.853	0.783	4.01	9.07
	这里可以满足我游览观光的需求	4.14	0.730	0.749
	旅游所需的物品在这里基本都能买到	3.86	0.833	0.669
自然独特性	这里的气候很舒适	4.11	0.712	0.855	4.29	7.453
自然独特性	这里的自然景观是别处看不到的	4.47	0.664	0.710		7.453
人文独特性	藏餐很有特色	4.17	0.879	0.847	4.37	7.144
人文独特性	这里充满着藏传佛教信仰	4.57	0.604	0.635		7.144

整体模型拟合度	拟合指标	拟合标准	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4	模型5
绝对拟合度	χ²	越小越好	502.023	272.076	279.284	292.304	278.774
	CMIN/DF	1~3	2.109	1.248	1.230	1.282	1.217
	GFI	> 0.8	0.766	0.864	0.859	0.850	0.859
	AGFI	> 0.8	0.705	0.813	0.813	0.803	0.816
	RMSEA	< 0.1	0.09	0.043	0.041	0.045	0.04
	ECVI	越小越好	4.570	3.183	3.104	3.185	3.071
相对拟合指数	NFI	> 0.9	0.688	0.891	0.887	0.878	0.887
	RFI	> 0.9	0.638	0.886	0.889	0.88	0.891
	CFI	> 0.9	0.802	0.959	0.961	0.952	0.963
	NNFI	> 0.9	0.770	0.949	0.952	0.942	0.955
	IFI	> 0.9	0.808	0.961	0.962	0.953	0.964
精简拟合指数	PNFI	0~1	0.593	0.656	0.680	0.676	0.686
	PGFI	0~1	0.608	0.628	0.650	0.646	0.656
	RMR	< 0.1	0.144	0.077	0.075	0.078	0.074
	AIC	越小越好	626.023	436.076	425.84	436.304	420.774

维度	自然独特性	人文独特性	自我效能	环境可管理性	一致性	依恋	自我尊重
CR	0.700	0.7823	0.7427	0.7482	0.876	0.8221	0.7671
AVE	0.5347	0.5576	0.5099	0.51	0.5537	0.5419	0.5234
维度	识觉空间		生活空间		主体空间
CR	0.85		0.7088		0.7112
AVE	0.6611		0.5501		0.5613

The construction of tourists' placeness identity of Barkhor Street in Lhasa

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