江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

doi:10.11821/dlxb201507011

Abstract

Abstract:

Field archaeological investigations were carried out in the Jianghan Plain in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the integrated study with a comparative analysis for characteristics of the modern flood sediments, multidisciplinary approaches such as the AMS¹⁴C and archaeological dating, micromorphology of zircon, grain size, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry are conducted to identify paleoflood sediments archived at the Zhongqiao Site. The results indicate that three paleoflood events (i.e. 4800-4597 cal. a BP, 4479-4367 cal. a BP & 4168-3850 cal. a BP) occurred at the Zhongqiao Site. Comparisons of paleoflood deposit layers at numerous Neolithic sites show that two Holocene extraordinary paleoflood events occurred over the Jianghan Plain area at approximately 4900-4600 cal. a BP (i.e. mid-late Qujialing cultural period) and 4100-3800 cal. a BP (i.e. from late Shijiahe cultural period to the Xia Dynasty). Further analysis of the environmental background for the paleoflood occurrences suggested that there was great climate variability between approximately 5000-4500 a BP and ca 4000 a BP. These two paleoflood events were closely related with the expansion of Jianghan lakes driven by the climatic change, and influenced the rise and fall of regional Neolithic Culture. Other evidences also suggested that intensified discrepancy between social development and environmental change processes (especially the hydrological process) in the end of Shijiahe cultural period might be the key factor leading to the collapse of Shijiahe Culture. The severe extraordinary floods related to the climatic anomaly at ca 4000 a BP and political conflicts from internal or other cultural areas all accelerated the collapse of the Shijiahe Culture. These results gave us a better understanding of the climate change at ca 4000 a BP, and also provide evidence for the prehistoric flood events in the Great Yu age, which is considered to be the turning point from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age in China.

Key words: prehistoric floods, Zhongqiao Neolithic Site, archaeological stratum, Jianghan Plain, Holocene

Li WU, Cheng ZHU, Feng LI, Chunmei MA, Lan LI, Huaping MENG, Hui LIU, Xiaocui WANG, Yan TAN, Yougui SONG. Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1149-1164.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Comparison between the possible paleoflood deposit layers and cultural layers of T0405 in Zhongqiao Site

层位编号	层位属性	距地表深度(m)	根据出土器物确定的考古学地层年代	地层特征
1	耕土层	0.30	近现代时期	灰棕色粘土夹浊棕色砂质土,性质混杂,多植物根系,含许多草木灰、炭屑等
2a	明清文化层	0.40	明清时期	灰黄棕夹浊黄棕色粘土,夹极少量棕灰色斑粘土,极多植物根系,含青花瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片、锈斑及少量有机质
2b	明清文化层	0.51	明清时期	浊黄棕夹灰黄棕色团块粉砂质粘土,含植物根系、较多锈斑、青花瓷片及碎红色陶片等
3	唐宋文化层	0.80	唐宋时期	灰黄棕色粉砂质粘土,含植物根系及锈斑,较多有机质,出土宋代瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片等
4	石家河文化层	1.19	石家河文化晚期	棕灰色夹灰棕色粘土质粉砂,颜色质地混杂,含植物根系、碎红色陶片等,文化遗迹少,有团粒结构
5	疑似古洪水层	1.53	石家河文化晚期	灰黄棕色夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物种子结核状锈斑、虫孔等,扰动波纹大
6	石家河文化层	2.05	石家河文化中晚期	黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,有虫孔、锈斑、大量红或红棕色碎陶片等文化遗迹
7	疑似古洪水层	2.49	石家河文化中期	灰黄棕色夹浊黄棕色粘土质粉砂,植物、有机质、虫孔较多,含大量锈斑及结核,有扰动波纹
8	石家河文化层	2.87	石家河文化早中期	棕色夹棕灰色粘土,植物、有机质多,有虫孔,锈斑多且有少量结核,多红或红棕色碎陶片
9	石家河文化层	3.30	石家河文化早期	黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,虫孔多,有锈斑和结核,出土红或红棕色碎陶片
10	疑似古洪水层	3.55	屈家岭文化晚期	灰黄棕夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物,有虫孔,有机质多,有锈斑和结核,水份极多,未见底

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Fig. 2

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Tab. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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采样位置	深度(cm)	测试编号	¹⁴C年代(a BP)	1s树轮校正年代(BC)	2s树轮校正年代(BC)	1s中值年代(cal. a BP)	2s中值年代(cal. a BP)
T0201-4	130	GZ3854	3189±23	1462(60.30%)1435	1500(100%)1420	3399±14	3410±40
T0405-6	154	GZ3855	3791±28	2283(42.95%)2248	2299(99.46%)2137	4216±18	4168±81
T0405-6	205	GZ3856	3937±24	2477(49.05%)2450	2491(96.01%)2342	4414±14	4367±75
T0405-8	250	GZ4102	4030±20	2534(75.67%)2493	2581(97.82%)2477	4464±21	4479±52
T0405-9	288	GZ3858	4119±25	2697(57.07%)2624	2714(56.47%)2579	4611±37	4597±68
T0204-12	-	GZ3859	5409±25	4327(76.72%)4282	4334(100%)4237	6255±23	6236±49

编号	深度(m)	浑圆柱状			浑圆状		四方双锥			复四方双锥			四方柱		总颗粒数	合计(%)
编号	深度(m)	颗粒数		百分比(%)		颗粒数	百分比(%)		颗粒数			百分比(%)	颗粒数	百分比(%)	颗粒数	百分比(%)
1-9	0.18	103	28.85		14	3.92	213	59.66		5	1.40		22	6.16	357	99.99
2a-19	0.37	359	32.05		18	1.61	655	58.48		30	2.68		58	5.18	1120	100
2b-25	0.49	172	30.07		13	2.27	369	64.51		6	1.05		12	2.10	572	100
3-31	0.60	129	29.25		20	4.54	264	59.86		12	2.72		16	3.63	441	100
4-51	0.99	169	29.96		22	3.90	322	57.09		9	1.60		42	7.45	564	100
5-77	1.35	170	49.28		18	5.22	139	40.29		8	2.32		10	2.90	345	100.01
5-84	1.42	247	51.14		22	4.55	198	40.99		3	0.62		13	2.69	483	99.99
6-112	1.77	441	22.98		139	7.24	1011	52.68		150	7.82		178	9.28	1919	100
7-142	2.19	162	46.96		17	4.93	152	44.06		3	0.87		11	3.19	345	100.01
7-158	2.35	217	48.44		25	5.58	181	40.40		8	1.79		17	3.79	448	100
8-175	2.56	101	30.51		23	6.95	171	51.66		15	4.53		21	6.34	331	99.99
10-218	3.41	1011	45.13		123	5.49	911	40.67		86	3.84		109,	4.87	2240	100
WCJ-1	-	535	47.26		38	3.36	506	44.70		15	1.33		38	3.36	1132	100.01
ESZ-1	-	779	48.96		30	1.89	713	44.81		12	0.75		57	3.58	1591	99.99
ESZ-2	-	602	48.67		44	3.56	531	42.93		17	1.37		43	3.48	1237	100.01
ZB-81	0.30	191	55.36		4	1.16	134	38.84		7	2.03		9	2.61	345	100
YX-04	-	53	60.92		3	3.45	28	32.18		1	1.15		2	2.30	87	100

Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China

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