山东省沂水县农村非农化程度差异及驱动力

doi:10.11821/dlxb201506013

Abstract

Abstract:

In the rapid process of industrialization and urbanization, non-agriculturalization has become one important tendency of Chinese rural evolution, which at the same time indicates obvious spatial heterogeneity. The participatory rural appraisal is employed, which involves 16 typical villages of Yishui County in Shandong Province, to explore the rural non-agricultural differences and its driving factors. In terms of regional differentiation, the livelihood activities of rural households were divided into four types: non-agricultural employment outside the county, non-agricultural employment inside the county, part-time non-agricultural employment inside the county and agricultural production. Then, we quantified the non-agricultural level by estimating the proportion of rural non-agricultural labor, non-agricultural income and non-agricultural time in 2013. On the basis of this estimation, we discussed the spatial differences and driving forces of rural non-agriculturalization in the study area. The results showed that, (1) Non-agricultural level of the villages was between 37.54% and 90.65%, which indicated that non-agriculturalization was a common phenomenon in traditional agricultural regions. Suburban independent non-agricultural villages developed their own industries, while rural households of other villages were employed in non-agricultural industries outside their villages. It is indicated that the study area was underdeveloped in non-agricultural economy. (2) Suburban villages hold the highest non-agricultural level. Food crops dominated villages showed higher level of non-agriculturalization in the regions near town, while economic crops dominated villages showed lower level of non-agriculturalization. In the same geomorphologic region, food crops dominated villages showed higher level of non-agriculturization than economic crops dominated villages. Spatial differentiation of rural non-agriculturalization was remarkable in traditional agricultural regions at the county scale. (3) As the distances to town became shorter, there was a decline in the proportion of non-agricultural employment outside the county (labor, income, and time), and that inside the county was on the rise, and the proportion of part-time non-agricultural employment inside the county showed an inverted "U"-shaped pattern. (4) The driving mechanism showed that economic diffusing efficiency and the regional accessibility were both deeply influencing employment structure of rural labors, which kept the suburban villages at the highest non-agricultural level. Agricultural income and the demand for labor made non-agricultural level of food crops dominated villages higher than that of economic crops dominated villages. As the distances to town became shorter, owing to economic diffusing efficiency and agricultural income increase, food crops dominated villages showed higher level of non-agriculturalization while economic crops dominated villages showed lower level. Non-agricultural differentiation is an important development trend of traditional agricultural regions in East China. Therefore, the authors suggest that the governments should take concrete measures on rural development management that keep consistent with non-agricultural characteristics and its driving mechanism of different villages.

Key words: village, non-agriculture, difference, driving force, Yishui County, Shandong Province

Bailin ZHANG, Fengrong ZHANG, Baode QU, Can LI, Junwei CHEN. Rural non-agricultural differences and their driving forces at the county level: A case study of 16 villages in Yishui, Shandong, East China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6): 1008-1021.

Figures/Tables 13

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一级分类	二级分类	村名	地形地貌及区位	农作物面积比例/农户非农就业结构
山区村(MT)	粮食作物主导村(MT₁)	东土沟	地处西北部沂山山脉及西南部崮区;到县城的可达性较差,车程(摩托车,下同)>70 min	小麦/玉米+甘薯：生姜+芋头=53.49:46.51
	粮食作物主导村(MT₁)	四旺		小麦/玉米+甘薯：花生=64.79：35.21
	经济作物主导村(MT₂)	连崮峪		苹果+桃子：玉米/小麦=82.47：17.53
	经济作物主导村(MT₂)	郝家坪	生姜+芋头：花生+玉米/小麦=80.46：19.54
丘陵村(HT)	粮食作物主导村(HT₁)	李家营	地处丘陵地带,地形起伏和缓;到县城的可达性一般,车程>50 min	小麦/玉米+甘薯：花生=68.71：31.29
		余粮		小麦/玉米+甘薯：花生=59.67：40.33
		核桃园		小麦/玉米+甘薯：花生=57.45：42.55
	经济作物主导村(HT₂)	师家崖		生姜+芋头：玉米/小麦=75：25
平原村(PT)	粮食作物主导村(PT₁)	韩家曲	地处沂水中部及南部沂河、沭河冲积平原,地形平坦;到县城的可达性较好,车程<30 min	小麦/玉米+甘薯：花生=57.08：42.92
	粮食作物主导村(PT₁)	金场		小麦/玉米：花生=66.67：33.33
	经济作物主导村(PT₂)	后武家庄		生姜+花生：小麦/玉米=76.56：23.44
	经济作物主导村(PT₂)	后城子	生姜+大蒜+芋头：小麦/玉米=62.5：37.5
近郊村(ST)	自主非农村(ST₁)	大瓮山	ST₁与镇驻地接壤,到镇车程<5 min,到县城的车程<30 min;ST₂与县城接壤,车程<5 min	农户以村内非农就业为主(占非农劳动力的56.18%)。大瓮山木板加工点108个,高桥商服经营店209家
	自主非农村(ST₁)	高桥		农户以村内非农就业为主(占非农劳动力的56.18%)。大瓮山木板加工点108个,高桥商服经营店209家
	城镇非农辐射村(ST₂)	唐家庄子		农户以到县城非农就业为主(占非农劳动力的92.87%),村内非农产业缺乏
	城镇非农辐射村(ST₂)	前马荒		农户以到县城非农就业为主(占非农劳动力的92.87%),村内非农产业缺乏

农村类型	非农就业劳动力比例			县域非农兼业劳动力比例	农业生产劳动力比例
农村类型	县域外非农就业劳动力比例	县域非农就业劳动力比例	合计	县域非农兼业劳动力比例	农业生产劳动力比例
MT₁	41.04	0	41.04	5.23	53.73
MT₂	33.73	0	33.73	5.9	60.37
HT₁	36.85	3.44	40.29	18.39	41.32
HT₂	28.9	4.34	33.24	8.67	58.09
PT₁	34.77	19.25	54.02	20.42	25.56
PT₂	10.65	6.02	16.67	18.52	64.81
ST₁	33.62	43.34	76.96	14.37	8.67
ST₂	5.37	69.87	75.24	15.98	8.78

农村类型	人均非农就业收入			农业收入	总收入	非农收入比例 %
农村类型	县域外非农就业收入	县域非农就业收入	县域非农兼业收入	农业收入	总收入	非农收入比例 %
MT₁	7007.36	0	261.61	1761.7	9030.67	80.49
MT₂	5569.31	0	285.89	6805.82	12661.01	46.25
HT₁	6444.06	428.27	953.96	1134.07	8960.36	87.34
HT₂	4934.21	526.32	434.21	9244.24	15138.98	38.94
PT₁	6389.37	2377.36	1080.62	1416.03	11263.37	87.43
PT₂	1871.74	710.94	937.5	10051.51	13571.7	25.94
ST₁	7872.59	6553.94	977.98	667.46	16071.97	95.85
ST₂	1188.27	11049.38	972.22	262.25	13472.13	98.05

农村类型	非农就业日数			农业生产日数	总日数	非农就业日数比例 %
农村类型	县域外非农就业日数	县域非农就业日数	县域兼业日数	农业生产日数	总日数	非农就业日数比例 %
MT₁	123.13	0	10.45	22.62	156.2	85.52
MT₂	101.18	0	11.8	74.5	187.48	60.26
HT₁	110.54	8.61	38.22	18	175.37	89.74
HT₂	86.71	13.01	21.68	43.21	164.61	73.75
PT₁	104.32	48.13	51.05	22.47	225.97	90.06
PT₂	31.94	15.05	46.3	39.94	133.23	70.02
ST₁	101.4	130.01	35.92	9.73	277.06	96.49
ST₂	16.1	209.56	34.15	3.5	263.3	98.67

就业行业	县域外非农就业	县域非农就业
建筑	3500~4000	2800~3500
机械	3500~4000	2500~2800
电子	3000~3500	1800~2200
服装	3000~3500	1500~2000
服务	2500~3000	1500~1800
食品	1800~2500	1200~1500

Rural non-agricultural differences and their driving forces at the county level: A case study of 16 villages in Yishui, Shandong, East China

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