Fund support is an important orientation to guide the discipline development. Since the 21st century, the rapid development of China’s tourism discipline has been closely related to the direction of fund support. Based on the tourism related academic projects from 1999 to 2020 sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences, this paper analyzes the dynamic change of research topics. Results show that: (1) As for the application fields, tourism projects sponsored by NSFC focus on the disciplines of geosciences and management. The projects sponsored by the National Social Science Foundation of China (NSSFC) mainly involve ethnic issues, applied economy and management. (2) In terms of categories, the youth science and regional tourism projects sponsored by NSFC have been stable since 2012. The number of key projects and general projects has increased, with a significant growth in the number of key projects; the general projects of the NSSFC show a “multi-peak” trend. And the total amount of funding for the youth science projects is less than half of the general projects. The number of key projects has increased since 2012. (3) Regarding the theme, the projects focus on 5 research hotspots, including tourism impact, tourism service and management, tourism and related industry development, tourism space research and tourist research, among which tourism impact research receives the highest proportion of funding. In the future, the funding should pay more attention to tourism demand and consumption under dual circulation pattern, tourism construction under double carbon target, tourist behavior and tourism recovery based on post-epidemic era, and tourism sustainability under the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).
It is still controversial whether the development of tourism economy can promote common prosperity. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of China from 1999 to 2019, this paper adopts the dynamic spatial Durbin model to construct four spatial weight matrices with the dual perspectives of geographical and economic characteristics, and investigates the impact of tourism economic development on regional common prosperity and the spatial spillover effect. The results show that: (1) Both geographical and economic characteristics have impacts on the spatial effect of tourism economic development promoting common prosperity, yet economic characteristics have a greater impact. (2) The development of tourism economy has significantly promoted the development of common prosperity, which not only improves the overall level of prosperity, but also has the sharing effect that contributes to equality. However, the effect of growth, “making the cake bigger”, is stronger at present, and the spillover effect of tourism economy still has room for improvement in narrowing regional economic gap. (3) Tourism economic development level affects the industrial structure rationalization factor, which shows an inverted “U” shaped double threshold feature. We should actively promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure when the tourism economic development is at low level; and pay attention to the rationalization of industrial structure transformation and avoid industrial hollowing when the tourism economic development reached a higher level.
It is clearly pointed out in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress that China will promote the integrated development of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, support and encourage employment and business startups there, and open up more channels to increase rural incomes. Currently, rural tourism is a hot industry for villagers to start their own businesses and also an important measure for rural revitalization. Taking Lianhuachi Village, a typical tourism village in the Huairou District of Beijing, as an example, this study conducts semi-structured interviews and field surveys among villagers, applies the grounded theory to analyze their action logic and influencing factors of their entrepreneurship, and develops a theoretical model of influencing factors of villagers’ entrepreneurship under three main categories of entrepreneurs’ characteristics, entrepreneurial conditions, and entrepreneurial environment. In this study, binary logistic regression is used to analyze the effects of influencing factors from two aspects: whether to start a business and how to sustain the business. The study has three findings: First, the decision model of villagers’ entrepreneur- ship has two aspects, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial conditions which include human capital, physical capital and social capital of a family. Second, villagers’entrepreneurship features feminization and young age, family labor capacity and road accessibility are preconditions of starting a business, and family spending on socialization, key persons of village entrepreneurs and favorable environment in the region contribute to business sustainability. Third, dominant factors influencing the entrepreneurial choice have changed from internal ones to external and social ones.
Marine tourism is an important type of marine economy. The enhancement of marine tourism and related research is a fundamental task to serve China’s Strategy of Building a Maritime Power. In this paper, 619 Chinese journal articles collected by the General Database of Chinese Academic Journals Online Publishing are systematically analyzed to understand the evolution of marine tourism research in China. It is found that the number of publications related to marine tourism in China from 1992 to 2021 is characterized as “starting gradually, increasing sharply, and shrinking with fluctuation”. The reasearch has gone through a resource-oriented exploration phase (1992-2002), which focused on marine tourism environmental elements and resource value assessment; an industry-oriented comprehensive promotion phase (2003-2010), which focused on the expansion of diversified issues and the innovation of integrated methods; and a strategic-oriented expansion phase (2011-2021), which is closely linked to national strategic needs and enriched by practical applications. Previous research has focused on five areas: theoretical connotation and scope of marine tourism, resource development and evaluation, social and economic impact, resources, environment and sustainable development, and destination development and management. Based on the theoretical and practical needs of China’s marine tourism development in the new era, emphasis should be placed on the integration of disciplines, the integration of technical tools and the construction of data platforms, so as to enhance the suitability of theoretical research to the national strategy, local realistic needs and practical development of the industry. Therefore, this paper provides theoretical and decision-making guidance to promote the high-quality development of marine tourism in China.
The green development of tourism in China’s coastal areas is conducive to protecting the marine ecosystem of tourist destinations, reducing the pressure of tourism on resources and environment, and leveraging the sustainable development of tourism and ecology. Taking the panel data of 11 provincial-level regions in China’s coastal areas from 2011 to 2020 as the research samples, this paper uses the spatial econometric model estimation method to analyze the impact of green tourism development in coastal areas on ecological environment quality. The results show that: (1) The level of green development of tourism and the quality of ecological environment in China's coastal areas have been continuously and steadily improved, and spatial agglomeration and correlation are predominant characteristics in geographical space. (2) The green development of tourism has significant positive impacts and spatial spillover effect on the ecological environment quality. For every 1% increase in the level of green development of tourism in China’s coastal areas, the local ecological environment quality will increase by 0.302%, and the neighboring provinces will increase by 0.139%. (3) The interaction between green development of tourism and tertiary industry and scientific & technological expenditure can effectively enhance its positive impact on ecological environment quality, but the interaction with secondary industry and population will reduce its positive impact. In order to realize green transformation and development of tourism in China’s coastal areas, emphasis should be placed to the development of marine tertiary industry and the improvement of scientific and technological level, so as to promote the overall decrease of pollutant discharge and improve the quality of ecological environment.
The rapid growth of the tourism industry has driven the development of the tourism equipment manufacturing industry. However, the development of the marine tourism equipment manufacturing industry is relatively lagging. The analytical framework informed by the industrial dynamic matching theory is constructed to identify the individual obstacles of marine tourism equipment manufacturing industry, discuss the individualized manifestations of general obstacles, and figure out the relationship among these obstacles. Meanwhile, the corresponding strategic paths are proposed to remove or overcome these obstacles. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The marine tourism equipment manufacturing industry has its own individual obstacles, as well as its general obstacles with personalized manifestations. (2) The relationship between the development obstacles shows that from high-level to low-level the matching distortion obstacles exist among the subsystems at the macro, meso and micro levels. The existence of obstacles in the high-level subsystem will hinder the development of the low-level subsystems. On the contrary, the existence of obstacles in the low-level subsystem will make it fail to adapt to the development of the high-level subsystems and the deliberate behaviors of their managers. (3) In addition, strategic paths are proposed for the development of marine tourism equipment manufacturing industry. The strategic path support of “regional centralization” should be provided by the competent government departments. The following strategic paths guidance is supposed to be conducted by the industry, such as “establishing an industry association, striving for policy support”, “establishing an industrial alliance, perfecting the industrial chain”, and “cultivating leading enterprises, building regional brands”. The original “low-cost strategic path” of the enterprise should be converted into “product differentiation strategic path”, “technological innovation strategic path” and “capital focus strategic path”. The research contributes to the industrial efficiency improvement of marine tourism equipment manufacturing industry, and the high-quality development of marine tourism.
Based on the index of Baidu search volume, this paper adopts spatial classification, kernel density, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and other methods to analyze the spatial differences and influencing factors of Baidu's attention on A-level attractions in China’s coastal zone and to explore the differences in the network soft power of tourist attractions in the study area and its relationship with the physical construction of those attractions. The results show that: (1) The overall pattern of “dual core development” is presented, and the trend of “stars crowding the moon” is formed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Low level attention attractions account for 95% of the total and the value of the level is distributed continuously. High level attention attractions are mainly distributed in the northern Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay. (2) The spatial association type is dominated by LL agglomeration, while HH agglomeration only takes Bohai Bay and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai as the center to form a dual core agglomeration trend. The number of HL types is small and mainly near the HH region, reflecting the local polarization effect. (3) Compared with the tourism economy, the degree of coincidence between the two is high as a whole, but the gathering ability under Baidu’s attention is stronger and local core areas have significantly contracted, reflecting the polarization and multiplication effect of cyberspace. Compared with that before the epidemic, most attractions have undergone network transformation and paid attention to the improvement of operation level in the near future. The Bohai Bay and Yangtze River estuary attractions have shown outstanding performance, followed by eastern Liaoning and Fujian, with no obvious effect in other regions. (4) Physical construction level and short video promotion act as the core influencing factors. The coupling effect of tourist evaluation and public opinion diffusion also has a great impact, while the basic factors such as transportation, communication and location have no obvious effect.
As a special region, the islands of Changhai County has excellent natural tourism resources and unique island culture, which is highly favored by tourists. As the tourism destination with residents, the island is not only the residence of the islanders, but also the destination of the tourists. It bears the dual functions of life and tourism. Clarifying the contents and ways of the activities of different people is the fundamental to optimize the island resources and maximize the function of island facilities. Based on the investigation and related theoretical knowledge, this paper classifies the activities of tourists and islanders, dividing tourists into three patterns: sightseeing tourism, beachcombing tourism and swimming tourism; dividing residents into three types: employment oriented residents, leisure oriented residents and family oriented residents. The kernel density estimation is used to show the activity density and spatial scope of islanders and tourists. We take the tourism patterns and residents patterns as dependent variables, through multivariate logistic regression. The results show that: Firstly, for tourist behavior patterns, age has a significant impact on swimming tourism, and tourists less than 30 years old are more likely to belong to this type; tourism companionship has a significant impact on sightseeing tourism and swimming tourism. Tourists traveling with parents are more likely to belong to the sightseeing tourism pattern. The tourism purpose and informatization background mainly have a significant impact on the sightseeing tourism pattern, tourists who use mobile phone navigation during the trip are more likely to belong to this mode. Personal preference mainly affects beachcombing tourism pattern, especially those who are keen on the traditional lifestyle of the island are more likely to belong to this type. Secondly, for residents' behavior patterns, age and travel mode have significant influence on employment oriented residents; income and employment status have significant influence on leisure oriented residents; family oriented residents are mainly affected by family members, the elderly, children and other family care pressure. This study attempts to provide reference for alleviating the spatial behavior conflict of tourism, optimizing infrastructure construction, and improving social spatial efficiency and land spatial planning.
Travel itinerary is affected by the spatial distance between destinations, tourism experience and traffic conditions. The traditional travel itinerary design is mainly based on the spatial distance between destinations with the application of ant colony algorith. Based on ant colony algorithm and Pareto optimal model, this paper constructs a multi-objective optimal tourism route planning and design method considering the factors of spatial distance between destinations, weather conditions and transportation. Through MATLAB simulation experiment, with the fixed travel time, the improved method is comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of spatial distance, traffic experience index and browsing experience index (based on weather conditions). The results show that in the experiments of multiple tourist cities (scenic spots), the traditional ant colony algorithm sacrifices a lot of optimization of the two indexes in order to obtain the shortest distance. Although the improved ant colony algorithm increases the route distance, tourists can obtain more tourism experiences, which verifies the effectiveness of multi-objective optimal tourism itinerary planning and design under the Pareto optimal model.
Industrial transformation is the key process for traditional fishing villages to break through the bottleneck of development, and it is also the necessary way to realize the development of rural revitalization. However, due to the long-term influence of insufficient rural statistical data, traditional studies usually adopt indicators such as residents’ income composition to indirectly measure the development process of rural industrial transformation, which has certain limitations. Based on the theory of rural industrial transformation, this paper uses enterprise attribute data to construct an evaluation index system of industrial development in traditional fishing villages, and takes 22 fishing villages in coastal areas of Fujian Province as research objects to explore the process, types and influencing factors of industrial transformation of traditional fishing villages. It is found that: from 1989 to 2020, the industrial transformation of traditional fishing villages in Fujian Province can be divided into three stages, which are the initial stage, the intermediate stage and the later stage. In each stage, not only the number and scale of enterprises continue to grow, the fishing villages without dominant industry type gradually disappear, but the dominant industries of fishing villages in each stage show the characteristics of growing step by step. According to the characteristics of industrial transformation, about 60% of fishing villages belong to the ready-transformation type, the percentage of transformed fishing villages is only 31.8%, and the untransformed fishing villages face the dilemma of difficult transformation. The industrial transformation of traditional fishing villages is mainly influenced by resources (fishery resources) and market (population size), and the strengthening of policy factors and the optimization of environmental factors are also conducive to promoting the further transformation of fishing village industry. The findings of this study can contribute to the industrial transformation development of traditional fishing villages in coastal areas.
Leisure fishing and maritime tourism serve as an important orientation for fishermen’s livelihood transformation. Therefore, it is of great significance theoretically and practically to investigate the influencing factors in the process of fishermen’s livelihood transformation, and fishermen’s decision on tactics selection. This paper adopts the push-pull theory and sustainable livelihood framework to study the factors that influence fishermen’s livelihood transformation and to uncover the veil of fishermen’s livelihood reconstruction through tourism. Qualitative data were collected in Xiangshan, Ningbo, through interviews and no-participatory observations. The research findings indicate that: (1) The push factors including functional change of natural capital, the change of human capital, the upgrade of physical capital and the dysfunction of cultural capital from the “fishery livelihood mode” and the pull factors including policy support, improvement of job environment, the optimization of family relationship and attachment to maritime culture from the “tourism livelihood mode” are leveraged to promote the transformation. (2) The livelihood capitals of sea-lost fishermen include natural capital, human capital, social capital, financial capital, physical capital and psychological capital; yet, the absence of psychological capital in the framework hinders the livelihood transformation. (3) The sea-lost fishermen have four types of tactics to cope with the livelihood transformation according to the matrix of livelihood capital’s coverage and richness: escape, exploration, focus, and innovation. The paper theoretically extends the application of sustainable livelihood theory, identifies the factors that affect sea-lost fishermen’s livelihood transformation, and verifies the possibility and unique value of the livelihood transformation via practicing tourism.
The place image of homestay settlement reflects tourists’ general understanding of the placeness of the specific area. Following the image system construction logic of “expectation-experience-perception-mental image” in island homestay settlement, this paper aims to analyze the construction process and internal mechanism of lace image system, based on the internet comments, travel notes and the interviews. The results of the study show that the construction of the image of the island homestay settlement is a process from consumers’ place expectations before the consumption, the place experience during the consumption, and the behavioral intentions after the consumption, in which the emotions of consumers vary from the different consuming stages ranging from positive, neutral to negative. A comprehensive understanding of the place formed through the local expectations and local experience, consequently the three mental images of homestay settlement emerge with the subjective logic analysis. From the perspective of region integrity and placeness, the study explores the significance of consuming homestay settlement, which is of great significance to the qualified development of island homestay settlements, the enhancement of consumers’ lodging experience, and the inheritance and development of local culture.
