宋涛
, 刘卫东
SONG Tao, LIU Weidong
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2015-07-25
接受日期: 2015-11-25
网络出版日期: 2016-03-25
版权声明: 2016 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介：宋涛(1983-),男,山西太原人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事区域可持续发展与地缘政治等方面研究,E-mail: songtao@igsnrr.ac.cn。
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摘要
边境地区是国家重要的国土安全屏障和对外开放门户。在全球化、信息化的背景下,边境地区成为地理学、政治学和政治经济学的研究热点。科学认识和总结国际边境研究是推进学科发展的前提。本文以科学引文索引(Web of Science)中边境研究的学术论文为依据,借助于Citespace科学计量工具,系统回顾了国外1990-2015年边境研究的发展脉络、研究领域重点和研究趋势。从文献计量统计分析来看,1990年以来刊文量最大的期刊包括《政治地理学》(Political Geography)、《地缘政治学》(Geopolitics)等。国外边境研究的领域集中于政治地理、环境生态、商业经济、公共管治、人文艺术等方面。地缘政治视角下的领土、国家权力始终是边境研究的重要内容。新世纪以来,边境研究在汲取了批判性地缘政治学、人本主义地缘政治的精髓后,逐渐增强了对边境环境、社会治理等方面的反思。在文献计量分析的基础上,重点阐述了边境的地理涵义和政治属性、经济商贸交流、边境一体化、边境冲突与安全、文化与社会建构、跨境合作制度等领域的研究趋势。最后提出,未来中国边境研究应增强边境地区的综合性发展战略研究,搭建适应于中国特色发展的跨境合作平台与机制,融入国际政治学、民族学、自然地理学等多学科视角。
关键词：
Abstract
Border region is an important national security barrier and opening gateway. In the context of globalization and rapid development of information technology, research on border region has become a hot topic of geography, political science, and political economy internationally. In this article, by means of bibliometric measurement of the Citespace tool and using data from the Web of Science in 1990-2015, international frontiers and trends of border research have been reviewed systematically. The results of bibliometric statistical analysis show that, since 1990, most of the articles on border research were published in political geography and geopolitics journals. The fields of international border research include political geography, environment, ecology, business, economics, public administration, culture, among others. Geopolitical territory and state power have always been important parts of the border research frontier. Since the 21st century, critical geopolitics and humanism geopolitics have been applied to border research, including rethinking societal governance and other aspects of border areas. This article also reviews the key research trends, including economic and trade exchanges, border integration, border conflicts and security, cultural and social construction, as well as cross-border cooperation systems. Finally, it recommends that Chinese border research in the future should emphasize comprehensive strategic research of border areas; build cross-border cooperation platforms and mechanism; and integrate the international political science, ethnology, physical geography, and other multi-disciplinary approaches.
Keywords：
边境地区既是国家行政管理的边缘区域,也是地缘空间冲突和地缘合作的重要区域。伴随着世界秩序的变革和跨界力量的凸显,边境地区的经济社会发展和国土安全已日益成为国际关系、人文地理学、经济学和国际政治学研究的热点问题(Newman et al, 1998)。随着大量毗邻国家之间次区域地缘合作的开展,边境非传统安全重要性异军突起,边境地区已经由传统的安全保障功能逐渐演化为安全保障、次区域合作及民生保障等多重功能区域。20世纪90年代以后,以谋求地缘安全与边境经济社会可持续发展为出发点,国际地理学者对边境的研究逐渐转向了边贸交流、边境地区管治、文化认同等研究内容。这些趋势一方面凸显了边境地区研究的重要性,另一方面亦凸显了中国地理学者进一步在边境研究中注重理论创新和融入全球边境研究的必要性。
“丝绸之路经济带”和“21 世纪海上丝绸之路”(简称“一带一路”)建设是中国为推动经济全球化深入发展而提出的国际区域经济合作新模式(刘卫东, 2015)。边境地区是中国“一带一路”建设的重要依托,既是国家重要的战略资源储备基地和安全屏障,也是少数民族聚居地,还是中国与众多邻国互联互通的门户和纽带,在国家地缘安全和经济社会发展中具有重要战略地位(陆大道等, 2013)。然而由于深受中国与邻国之间地缘政治形势不稳定的影响(陈才, 2001),中国边境地区一直以来存在着人口大量流失、产业竞争乏力、开放程度低、边境安全受威胁、经济发展与边境稳定等问题。边境地区的和平稳定与经济社会发展是中国的国家利益所在。在经济全球化、中国开放转型和周边复杂的地缘环境背景下,迫切需要全面回顾国际边境的研究趋势,形成中国边境地区发展的国际视野,实现边境可持续发展思维的深刻转型。因此,1990年代以来国际地缘政治视角下的边境研究回顾,对于在“一带一路”国家战略的引领下,揭示具有中国特色的边境发展规律,实现全方位沿边开放,构建和谐周边环境具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文数据来源于科学引文索引(Web of Science)中三大数据库：科学引文索引(Science Citation Index,简称SCI)、社会科学引文索引(Social Sciences Citation Index,简称SSCI)和艺术与人文科学引文索引(Arts & Humanities Citation Index,简称A&HCI)数据库,并借助Citespace科学计量工具进行科学图谱分析。Citespace是由美籍华裔学者陈超美博士开发(免费下载地址http://cluster.cis.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/),能够通过分析论文的关键词显示一个学科或知识域在一定时期发展的趋势与动向(刘志高等, 2014)。通过Citespace科学计量工具,在科学引文数据库中进行搜索,主题词限定为“Border or Borderland”,研究领域限定为Geography和Area Study,语种为英语,时间跨度为25年,即1990-2015年,共搜集到2001篇相关论文,数据搜集时间为2015年4月。将上述2001篇论文的题目、出处、主题词、引用文献等进行系统分析,从而反映出1990年以来国外边境地理的最新研究进展。
从核心期刊刊文数量上看,边境研究一直是地理学中政治地理学及地缘政治学科的热点话题。从1990年至今,发表以“边境”及“边境地区”为关键词的学术论文,刊文量最大的为英国发行的《政治地理学》(Political Geography)和《地缘政治学》(Geopolitics)两本以政治地理为研究主题的期刊,刊文数量分别为90篇和87篇。《政治地理学》是政治地理学科中具有重要国际影响力的核心期刊,2013年影响因子为2.022,“边境地区”相关研究大量发表于这一期刊,在一定程度上表明“边境地区”研究不仅是政治地理学研究的热点话题,而且在国际上已经形成具有一定影响力和代表性的观点。“边境地区”研究还较多地发表于《环境与规划D辑》(Environment and Planning D)、《经济地理学与社会地理学期刊》(Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie)、《区域研究》(Regional Studies)等社会地理、区域研究相关主题期刊(表1)。从期刊刊文的作者国别来看,美国学者对国际“边境研究”表现了浓厚的兴趣,近25年来发表相关学术论文632篇,占“边境地区”研究论文总量的近1/3(28.71%)。其次,“边境研究”相关成果较多来自英国、加拿大、荷兰和德国等欧美学者,中国学者在国际发表“边境研究”相关论文50余篇,仅占论文总数的2.317%(图1)。
表1 边境研究的主要期刊
Tab.1 Main journals of border research
| 期刊名称 | 边境研究文章数量 | 2014年期刊影响因子 | 期刊所在国 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 《政治地理学》Political Geography | 90 | 2.676 | 英国 |
| 《地缘政治学》Geopolitics | 87 | 0.923 | 英国 |
| 《环境与规划D辑》Environment and Planning D | 66 | 1.515 | 英国 |
| 《经济地理学与社会地理学期刊》Tijdschrift voor Economische enSociale Geografie | 57 | 1.096 | 荷兰 |
| 《区域研究》Regional Studies | 54 | 2.068 | 英国 |
| 《环境与规划A辑》Environment and Planning A | 48 | 1.604 | 英国 |
| 《美国地理学会会刊》Annals of the Association of American Geographers | 47 | 2.291 | 美国 |
| 《特兰西瓦尼亚评论》Transylvanian Review | 47 | 0.012 | 罗马尼亚 |
| 《对极》Antipode | 46 | 2.104 | 美国 |
| 《欧洲规划研究》European Planning Studies | 46 | 1.228 | 比利时 |
图1 1990年以来的边境研究文章的国别图
Fig.1 Countries of border research articles published in international journals since 1990
运用Citespace科学计量工具,对2001篇论文的主题与关键词进行提取整理。通过对边境研究的贡献领域分析发现,国外边境研究的领域集中于边境地区的政治地理、环境生态、政府法律、商业经济、公共管治、人文艺术等方面,其中近70%的研究涉及边境地区的地缘环境、地缘经济和政治体制等政治地理领域(图2)。对25年来“边境地区”研究文献的相关引用率、引用关系、引用时序和引用主题的交叉计算,以图形的形式展现边境地区研究论文的核心关键词及相关关系。图3显示了边境研究的核心关键词(部分关键词引用率较低已被剔除),图中节点面积越大表示引用率越高,节点外围线条颜色深表示关注的年份越近,节点的远近关系表示相关研究的引用关系。由此可见,近年来边境研究的热点集中于地缘政治、边境市场贸易、边境生态、文化地理学及情感地理学,其中研究出现的高频关键词包括政治(Politique)、荒地生态(Meadow)、不情愿(Reluctance)、民族—国家(Ethno-national)、和解(Accommodation)、商业(Commercial)、物流(Logistics)、宗教(Religious)、难民(Refugee)等。此外,澳洲乌美拉地区(Woomera)、爱沙尼亚(Estonia)、阿曼(Oman)、日本(Japan)、伊朗(Iran)、非洲(African)等地缘热点区域长期以来亦是边境研究的主要关注对象(图3)。
根据Citespace科学计量工具测算结果,通过可视化方式得到共引文章的前10篇文献关系图谱(图4),图中节点面积越大表示引用率越高,节点外围颜色越深表示该文献被越多当前学者关注和引用,节点间连线表示高共引文献间相互引用关系。通过共引文章的算分析发现,边境是地缘政治视角下权力作用的边界线(Paasi, 1996),因而分析边境背后的领土、国家权力就成为边境研究的重要内容(Newman et al, 1998)。从高引用率论文的研究主题和关键词可看出(表2),边境的地缘政治视角始终为研究热点。然而21世纪以来,边境研究在汲取批判性地缘政治学、人本主义地缘政治的精髓后,逐渐增强了对边境环境、社会治理等方面的反思。
图4 1990年以来的前10位边境研究文章引用网络
Fig.4 Citation networks of the top 10 border research articles since 1990
表2 1990年以来引用率前10位边境研究文献概述
Tab.2 Top 10 border research articles since 1990
| 排名 | 名称 | 类型 | 主题词 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 领土,边界和意识：芬兰与俄罗斯边境的地理变化 | 专著 | 边境、领土、芬兰—俄罗斯、意识 | Paasi, 1996 |
| 2 | 后现代主义世界中的阻隔和睦邻：政治地理学中的边界叙述 | 论文 | 边境叙述、多尺度、后现代、领土、去边境化 | Newman et al, 1998 |
| 3 | 无边界世界中的边界：将我们分离的边境线 | 论文 | 边境地区、边境叙述、国际关系、跨学科 | Newman, 2006 |
| 4 | 反恐中的移动性治理：生物识别边界 | 论文 | 恐怖袭击、边界、生物识别、国土安全、风险 | Amoore, 2006 |
| 5 | 新自由主义关系：边境公民的经济、安全和生命政治 | 论文 | 边境、公民、安全、新自由主义、地缘经济、另类空间 | Sparke, 2006 |
| 6 | 想象的社区：国家主义起源和传播的思考 | 专著 | 国家主义、政治学、东南亚、政权 | Anderson, 1991 |
| 7 | 边境守护及其背后的故事：与非法移民的战争,美国墨西哥边境的重塑 | 专著 | 非法移民、边境守护、美国边境巡警、边境管制 | Nevins, 2002 |
| 8 | 禁绝之人：主权权力和赤裸生命 | 专著 | 主权权力、传统政治理论、生命政治、政治民族学 | Agamben, 1998 |
| 9 | 欧洲跨境区域的重要性及区域跨境合作机制 | 论文 | 跨境合作、跨境区域、欧盟、区域间合作 | Perkmann, 2003 |
| 10 | 消失的现代性：全球化的文化维度 | 专著 | 全球化、后现代、文化问题、多元文化、当代消费格局 | Appadurai, 1996 |
根据文献的热点研究领域和关键词梳理,定性归纳总结出边境研究的五大重点为：①边境的地理涵义和政治属性;②市场发育和贸易流;③边境冲突与安全;④边境文化与社会建构;⑤本国和邻近边境地区的多层次政府管治(Brunet-Jailly, 2005)。
政治地理学对于边境的讨论最早始于拉采尔(Raatzel)的国家有机体学说。边境(Border)与边界(Boundary)具有相似性,都是作为分隔主权国家或不同群体之间的分界线(李灿松等, 2014)。巴斯(Barth, 1969)亦对边界进行了论述,认为其是分隔不同人群和族群的分界线。20世纪80年代后,更多的地理学家关注到边境研究(Newman et al, 1998),边境的涵义已经不仅是线性的边界,而且是场所的边界。这种场所是国家权力的附属空间,其作用和功能都依赖于国家的核心特征(Anderson, 1997),具有政治、社会、经济和族群生存空间的特征(van Houtum, 2005)。边境是政治权力的工具,边境内是一个司法管辖权的结束,边境外则是另一个司法管辖权的开始。然而,现实中的边境却常常处于两种司法管辖权的交织或真空状态,由此引发了边境管治的系列问题。边境是身份的制造者,通常是民族身份,某种意义上民族身份超越了边境的地理限制,是边境两侧人员来往的助推器。Miller(1985)以美国—墨西哥边境为例,认为边境具有独特性,是北美最容易被误解的区域。美国南部边境的情况并非一边是美国而另一边是墨西哥。它是具有自身身份的“第三国”。这个“第三国”长2000 mi,宽20 mi,具有自身独立的经济系统、法制、政府和市场规则。
边境地区是国家与国家之间利益交换的必然场所(Clark, 1994),跨境(Cross-boundary)的经贸合作交流是边境地区的主要活动(Brunet-Jailly, 2005)。在经贸交流过程中存在着明显的边界效应,包括“中介效应”和“屏蔽效应”(梁双陆等, 2007)：“中介效应”指的是国家间物质、信息在边境地区中介面的交流,而“屏蔽效应”则指成为阻碍空间相互作用的边界效用。经济地理学者Hoover(1963)较早地从贸易、文化等角度对边境地区进行了阐述和分析。美国—墨西哥边境、美国—加拿大边境、欧盟内部边境等为跨边境贸易交流的先驱。受到区域一体化进程的影响(Hanson, 1998),跨境合作中中介效应表现得更为明显。Sit(1998)认为,边境地区至少存在两个国家,国家之间在要素禀赋、资源特征和发展势能方面存在差异,而欠发达国家边境城镇丰富而廉价的土地和可用劳动力将有利于跨境合作。
在全球化背景下,边境成为跨国资本投资的热土,在北美自由贸易区协定等政策支持下,美—加边境的Cascadia等城市形成了大量的跨境商业社区(Sparke, 2005)。而欧洲区域市场的特点是消除和减少对货物、服务、人口和资本的国际流动性障碍。这种政策强调区域的共同历史和跨区域身份,创建跨国界贸易流、资本流和人流,而非强调跨国界的差异(Prokkola, 2007)。对非洲尼日尔和尼日利亚之间的国家边界研究表明,共同的民族、文化背景可以减少与农业贸易有关的交易成本,特别是通信和提供信贷的相关费用(Aker et al, 2014)。由于“9.11”事件的影响,各国对边境地区纷纷实施“紧缩性的边境安全”(Tighter Border Security)措施。在该政策的影响下,边境地区进出口货物审查程序延长,进出口贸易成本增长,是屏蔽效应的代表(Globerman et al, 2008; 李灿松等, 2014)。
边境地区的贩毒走廊、非法移民、大气污染、水源污染、沙漠化等问题的治理是边境研究的重点问题(Fernandez et al, 2002; Garcıa, 2003)。国家边境线分割了边境地区的治理单元,差异化治理单元的治理结构、相关政策、治理能力增加了跨境问题的解决难度,甚至在某些区域,跨界治理合作是极其微弱的,常常是无效的真空地带。作为两个世界性大国的交流门户,美国—墨西哥边境一直以来都是几代学者研究的热点区域。2000 mi的美—墨边境线是世界上最长的发达国家和发展中国家边界。早期的研究涉及到历史社会视角下的边境冲突叙述(Aldenderfer et al, 1984)、历史—政治—政府视角下的治理(Martínez, 1994)等内容。20世纪后半叶以来,加工业的发展和人口快速增长成为边境增长的主要特征(Pick et al, 1990; Arreola et al, 1993),1994年制定的北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA),在进一步刺激边境城市与腹地间贸易和劳动力交流的同时(Butler et al, 2001),导致了大量的边境治理问题。美—墨边境过去20年中最明显的变化莫过于两边执法强度的迅速提高。美国边境的安全管制已经从海关和移民的友好管理提升到国家安全的最高管制水平,包括地方武装部队的严格审查等(Truett et al, 2004)。
Vlassenroot(2004)等在对非洲刚果国家的东部边境城市——戈马的研究后发现,边境为变化和流动性之地,而非依赖环境的静态发展地区,其日益增长的自治程度与国家的衰落和地区冲突的增加密切相关。戈马受两国(刚果、卢旺达)局势影响,已成为军事叛乱、政治斗争和跨境贸易繁荣的边境城市。与大部分欧盟国家边境地区的一体化相比,北欧国家边境往往被视为受边境冲突困扰的北部寒冷边界(Löfgren, 2008)。即便如此,仍然存在着大量的商业个体,通过投资桥梁、道路等稳定的、可预见的交通设施来消除冲突和紧张,强化边境两侧的联系。跨境的资源生态问题亦是边境地区的冲突来源之一,例如跨境的水资源冲突,就需要国内和跨国力量的共同推动(Feitelson, 2002)。在东南亚边境地区湄公河水权的开发利用中,湄公河已经从冷战的“前沿”演变为“跨国商业走廊”,湄公河沿岸的六国通过多边和双边的捐助、贷款来解决水资源冲突问题(Bakker, 1999)。
边境从来都不是泾渭分明的线性分割线,而是边境群体各种社会实践和话语协商的产物。Paasi(1996)认为,边境地区是社会建构的空间,领土之上民族文化的交融空间。民族学方法常被用来检验边境社区群体的社会建构。边境地区的民族认同感能够防止边境的负面成见、犯罪团伙,或其他反社会行为的蔓延。Fox(1999)的研究表明,边境两边的文学、摄影、电影、网络等媒体传播的文化形象和叙述成为美国—墨西哥边境文化、政治相互影响的重要途径。边界所造成的文化细分将显著分割和妨碍城市经济发展。鉴于跨境国家的各自利益诉求,跨境合作过程却并不一帆风顺,制度、文化方面的差异增加了跨境合作的难度(Barter, 2006)。这种负面影响为地方保护主义所加剧,而被历史发展所缓解(Gao et al, 2014)。1980年代以来,在中国经济改革开放的背景下,中蒙边境—中炬乌审旗(Uxin Ju)的土地利用变化剧烈,而蒙古文化的标识已经从土地利用方式转变为象征性的示意功能,如语言和传统。边境地区蒙古语和历史祖先的认同感在经济发展的洪流中逐渐被淡化,仅存象征性的文化符号(Jiang, 2004)。跨境背景下,边境两边巨大的文化差异会产生“心理鸿沟”,即边境可移动性的阻碍因素(Spierings et al, 2013)。例如,当出访边境外国家时,购物者倾向于避免或减少因差异化购物环境所造成的心理困扰(Tosun et al, 2007)、差异文化的不安全感(Wang, 2004)、汇率变动的预期起伏(Lau et al, 2005)等。Saxena等(2010)探讨了英格兰与威尔士边境的传统乡村社区组织对乡村边贸发展的显著影响,尤其是旅游发展的态度和机制,发现当地网络式的社区组织有利于跨境人员日常生活交流、资金和商品的流动。
全球背景下的边境地区成为跨境流动人口的主要聚集区(Docquier et al, 2009),跨境的人口流动会引发跨境人员的劳动力流动、婚姻流动、教育流动等一系列社会现象。伴随着差异文化要素的交织、混合和复杂化,边境地区跨国行为的机制和社会管治逐渐成为跨国文化建构的研究重点。例如,跨境婚姻已成为边疆民族地区普遍存在的社会现象,并在人口学特征、地域特征、社会结构特征等方面呈现出新态势。边疆民族地区的发展差异、性别比失衡、传统小社会三大社会现实问题是跨境婚姻形成的主要动力机制(张金鹏等, 2013)。边境地区的人口流动,也推动了边境地区跨境民族子女跨国教育的流动现象,促进了跨境民族教育的多元化发展(何跃等, 2011)。
20世纪90年代以来,日益深入的区域一体化进程为边界赋予了深刻的经济、制度意义,国家旨在拓展邻邦市场和最大限度地利用外部资源,通过实行边界开放政策,在边境地带形成集边境贸易、商品市场、跨国投资于一体的经济空间,从而改善边境区位条件。国家扩大开放,资本要素日益脱离国家的控制,其跨国界流动的规模与形式不断增强,跨国企业逐渐在边境地区集聚(Venables, 1996)。一些城市,甚至城市的一部分,呈现出节点作用,跨边界“次区域”合作逐步发展,一体化集团不断出现。这一阶段随着边境地区开发深入拓展,逐步摆脱传统边贸互市地域模式,朝着跨边境合作开发的模式转化(Ratti et al, 1993)。边境两边的经济发展差异、国际劳动分工促使跨境贸易、产业合作加深(Sklair, 1993)。
欧盟出现之后,跨境地区被解释为超国家组织的政策创新区域之一。在这个意义上说,小尺度的跨境地区是欧盟决策的多层次治理结构的一部分,但远没有威胁到成员国国家政策的权威(Perkmann, 2003)。欧盟的跨境合作更多的是由区域代表而不是国家代表主导,但欧洲最重要的跨境组织为政府间组织,以议员的制度化会议为主,其网络化的治理层次分为三级(Perkmann, 2007)：第一级为任命的秘书处,充当知识和技能网络经纪人;第二级为地方当局;第三极为多尺度的监管制度,包括从地方到欧盟的派出机构。这种网络化的治理结构被视为欧洲地区的制度创新外溢,地方当局成为欧盟实施区域政治经济一体化发展的授权伙伴。这些地方当局体现出多元的欧洲区域意图,包括重新集权的国家领土和地方、国家和超国家尺度的多层次管治。美洲的制度化跨境合作则由更多的私人部门融入,包括了企业、专家、居民代表等,例如美国加州圣地亚哥—墨西哥蒂华纳两国规划委员会,西北太平洋经济区管理委员会(Blatter, 2001)。在亚洲地区,尤其是以中国为代表的东亚地区,边境的选择性开放亦为跨境合作机制的有益探索。对中国台湾地区与苏州跨境合作区域的案例研究表明,选择性开放起到了触媒的作用,使得跨境合作区得以可持续发展(Lee, 2009)。云南省在其边境开放的进程中,提出了中国西南桥头堡的战略,并通过“援疆工作”的机制赋予了边境开放的先行先试优先政策,是跨境合作的制度性创新(Su, 2013)。然而,由于缺乏自下而上的合作机制,亚洲增长三角地区的城市往往独自而非一体化发展,在一体化方面远远落后于欧洲和北美(Grundy-Warr et al, 1999)。例如,新加坡在与相邻的印尼的跨境合作过程中便充满着机制障碍(Bunnell et al, 2006)。
边境城市横跨两国边界,有共同的城市腹地和居民归属感,彼此相对应的城市为“双子城”(Twin Cities)(Ehlers et al, 2000)。双子城强调跨境两城在经济、制度和社会层面上的融合(Perkmann, 2003)。并将这种融合具体划分为4个层面：建成区融合、行为融合、组织融合以及政治和管理融合(Ehlers et al, 2000)。应用该模式可分析跨界合作的一体化阶段特征。Viswanathana等(2005)通过对美—墨边境的双子城——圣地亚哥和蒂华纳不同区块,16个指标的聚类相似性比较研究发现,美墨边境的经济一体化程度较高,但人口、安全等方面的一体化程度受两国体制影响,仍有较大差距。Shen(2014)对中国香港—深圳“双子城”发展阶段的判别亦发现,香港—深圳在经济、制度层面已达到了一体化,而社会层面则差距较大。
中国的边境地区受周边国家复杂地缘环境的影响,在肩负经济增长、口岸贸易(汤建中等, 2000)、边境安全(胡志丁等, 2012)等方面重任的同时,在政治权力、治理结构、开放程度等方面也存在着显著差异。中国传统边境地区一直以来存在着人口流失、产业单一、开放程度低、边境安全局势不稳定等问题。边境地区的特殊区位决定了边境地区区域发展路径的独特性,中国边境地区面临的地缘环境更加复杂,经济社会发展水平相对落后等特征决定了研究中国边境地区地缘合作有助于揭示中国边境地区发展与欧洲和北美等边境地区发展机制的不同。欧洲国家边境城市的一体化程度较高,相关研究侧重于边境城市的经济、社会和制度一体化。美国—加拿大边境城市的边贸交流,美国—墨西哥边境的自由贸易区、犯罪问题等均已形成了较为成熟的边境理论研究体系。但如何将基于西方经验形成的边境研究范式进行改造以用于分析其他国家和地区,并对中国特殊的国情背景和地缘环境进行理论创新,仍面临重大挑战。发展中国家如何走出地缘环境限制的困境,如何通过边境发展来培育新的增长点?这些问题依然困扰着国内外学术界。基于国外的研究进展,未来的中国边境研究需处理好以下问题：
(1) 边境的多元属性与综合研究。边境具有多元属性特征,既有单一的安全防卫属性,更有经贸交流、文化建构、生态保育等多重属性。因而,从传统的边境安全的唯一功能向边境的多元开放转化,将是大势所趋。总体而言,中国的边境发展与研究方兴未艾,但尚缺少对其发展战略的全面研究。尤其是在经济全球化和地域格局日益复杂的背景下,中国边境地区发展战略的综合研究将成为世界边境地区研究的重要组成部分。
(2) 地缘视角下的跨境合作与机制构建。借鉴西方地缘政治与地缘经济理论,根据新时期中国国家安全及和平崛起的需要,创新具有中国特色的地缘政治与地缘经济理论,并用于指导实践,是中国地理学未来研究的主要任务之一(毛汉英, 2013)。在经济全球化的背景下,边境地区成为区域合作的前沿阵地。跨境合作及一体化建构成为边境地区跨越式发展的核心动力。在此过程中,中国边境地区承载着“沿边开放”的国家战略。从地域宏观环境出发,从地缘政治视角搭建适应于中国特色发展的跨境合作平台与机制,尤其是治理过程中体现国家核心利益成为边境研究学者的首要任务。
(3) 叙述、过程与多元方法。边境研究是地缘政治学的重要研究内容,传统的地缘视角已发生了重大改变,阶级、种族、性别等批判性地缘政治学搭建了新的边境研究范式。跨学科研究需要对各个学科的基本知识、研究方法融会贯通,边境研究中亟需培养这种复合型的研究学者(杜德斌等, 2015)。国外边境研究的最新进展表明,边境研究不仅需要人文地理学者的深入研究,而且需要加强与融入国际政治学、民族学、自然地理学等多学科的交流。其研究方法也应集成语义学、空间分析、民族学等多元的研究方法。
(4) 差异化地缘环境下多元边境发展结构与模式研究。中国周边地区的地缘环境基本格局及发展态势各不相同：北部地缘政治关系紧密,地缘经济发展较快;西部地缘政治关系持续发展,地缘经济合作前景广阔;西南部地缘政治破碎地带,地缘经济合作极具潜力;南部地缘政治与地缘经济关系总体良好,但南海问题为不稳定因素;东部地缘政治热点问题敏感复杂,地缘经济结构相对稳定(毛汉英, 2013)。因而从多维与多层角度,对边境地区的地缘环境与内生驱动因素的综合耦合模式进行研究,系统解读边境地区的地缘合作领域、空间载体,探索边境地区经济产业发展的相似性和差异性,具有现实必要性和迫切性。
边境地区经济社会的可持续发展已成为地理学、经济学和国际政治学研究的热点问题。目前,国内的边境研究方兴未艾,本文对国外边境研究的系统综述,收获了对国内研究的启示,以期激发国内地理学者对边境进行综合性研究的新一轮热潮。通过对1990年以来SCI数据库中边境研究的系统回顾发现,国外边境研究出现了新的动向：边境的经贸交流及一体化进程仍然为边境研究的传统优势领域和研究热点;在全球化背景下,边境冲突的抑制和化解,边境社会、生态安全构建的重要性不断提高;批判性地缘政治视角下的边境文化社会解构,逐渐成为边境社会研究的核心内容;跨境合作的体制与机制逐渐赢得了国际同行的更多关注。
在本文的基础上,未来中国边境研究应在如下方面进行深入拓展：①基于边境的多元属性,开展中国边境地区发展战略的综合研究。②借鉴西方地缘政治与地缘经济理论,构建地缘视角下的跨境合作与机制。③融入国际政治学、民族学、自然地理学等多学科视角,集成语义学、空间分析、民族学等多元研究方法。④探索差异化地缘环境下多元边境发展结构与模式。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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地缘关系与世界经济地理学科建设 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2001.03.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
地缘关系是国际关系的重要表现形式 ,地缘政治 ,尤其地缘经济对当代世界经济影响很大 ,也影响世界经济地理学科的发展。本文着重阐述了地缘经济学与世界经济地理学的关系及其互为影响作用 ,进而论述了世界经济地理学科建设的任务
Geo-relation and course construction of world economic geography [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2001.03.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
地缘关系是国际关系的重要表现形式 ,地缘政治 ,尤其地缘经济对当代世界经济影响很大 ,也影响世界经济地理学科的发展。本文着重阐述了地缘经济学与世界经济地理学的关系及其互为影响作用 ,进而论述了世界经济地理学科建设的任务
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1990 年以来中国地理学之地缘政治学研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201502001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>地缘政治学脱胎于政治地理学,这种血缘关系决定了地理学在中国地缘政治研究和国家地缘战略的构建中的基础性作用。首先基于结构现实主义国际关系原理,运用地理学空间思维和现代组织行为学等理论,探讨了中国在崛起过程中修正地缘战略和树立地缘目标的重要性,认为和平崛起的中国需要地缘大思维,而地理学尤其是世界地理学,应首当其冲担当重任。在此基础上,系统梳理了中国地理学在地缘政治学领域的研究进展、主要成就以及存在的问题。研究表明：经过半个多世纪的发展,中国地理学的地缘政治学学科队伍不断壮大,学术成果精彩纷呈,并在重大领域有所突破。但其发展依然存在理论体系尚不完整、学科定位不清晰、优秀成果不足、过度依附西方思维等问题。鉴于此,提出了未来中国地理学在地缘政治学研究的主要努力方向。</p>
Progress of geopolitics of Chinese geography since 1990 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201502001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>地缘政治学脱胎于政治地理学,这种血缘关系决定了地理学在中国地缘政治研究和国家地缘战略的构建中的基础性作用。首先基于结构现实主义国际关系原理,运用地理学空间思维和现代组织行为学等理论,探讨了中国在崛起过程中修正地缘战略和树立地缘目标的重要性,认为和平崛起的中国需要地缘大思维,而地理学尤其是世界地理学,应首当其冲担当重任。在此基础上,系统梳理了中国地理学在地缘政治学领域的研究进展、主要成就以及存在的问题。研究表明：经过半个多世纪的发展,中国地理学的地缘政治学学科队伍不断壮大,学术成果精彩纷呈,并在重大领域有所突破。但其发展依然存在理论体系尚不完整、学科定位不清晰、优秀成果不足、过度依附西方思维等问题。鉴于此,提出了未来中国地理学在地缘政治学研究的主要努力方向。</p>
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论云南跨境教育和跨境民族教育 [J].
在教育国际化的背景下,跨境教 育与跨境民族教育越来越普遍,国家间教育合作交流的广度与深度不断得到加强,但跨境教育中的问题也日益显现。随着跨境教育类型的日趋多元化,出现了跨境教 育、跨境教育服务贸易和跨境民族教育等概念上的混用。在扩大云南对东南亚、南亚开放人文交流平台建设中,厘清跨境教育和跨境民族教育的性质及其对象,对扩 大云南面向东南亚、南亚人文交流,推进云南沿边境跨境民族地区的教育发展,把云南建设成为面向东南亚、南亚人文交流的桥头堡,具有重要的现实意义。
On the cross-border education and the cross-border ethnic education in Yunnan [J].
在教育国际化的背景下,跨境教 育与跨境民族教育越来越普遍,国家间教育合作交流的广度与深度不断得到加强,但跨境教育中的问题也日益显现。随着跨境教育类型的日趋多元化,出现了跨境教 育、跨境教育服务贸易和跨境民族教育等概念上的混用。在扩大云南对东南亚、南亚开放人文交流平台建设中,厘清跨境教育和跨境民族教育的性质及其对象,对扩 大云南面向东南亚、南亚人文交流,推进云南沿边境跨境民族地区的教育发展,把云南建设成为面向东南亚、南亚人文交流的桥头堡,具有重要的现实意义。
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地缘安全视角下国家边界的“三重功能”及其优化组合 [J].
国家边界长期以来都是政治地理学研究中的突出主题。冷战结束后,东亚地区涌现大量毗邻国家之 间的次区域合作,同时非传统边境安全异常突起。为此,国家边界由单一的维护传统边境安全的功能转变为同时维护传统边境安全、促进次区域经济合作及保障非传 统边境安全的三重功能。这三者之间存在很强的内在联系,且相互之间在一定的条件下能够转化。在分析三者之间的内在联系的基础上,我们提出了形成梯级决策模 式、合理定量化评估及建立多主体、多层次的协调机构来优化组合国家边界的＂三重功能＂的优化思路。
Triple functions of country border and its concerning optimized combination under the perspective of geopolitical security [J].
国家边界长期以来都是政治地理学研究中的突出主题。冷战结束后,东亚地区涌现大量毗邻国家之 间的次区域合作,同时非传统边境安全异常突起。为此,国家边界由单一的维护传统边境安全的功能转变为同时维护传统边境安全、促进次区域经济合作及保障非传 统边境安全的三重功能。这三者之间存在很强的内在联系,且相互之间在一定的条件下能够转化。在分析三者之间的内在联系的基础上,我们提出了形成梯级决策模 式、合理定量化评估及建立多主体、多层次的协调机构来优化组合国家边界的＂三重功能＂的优化思路。
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当前国外政治地理学边境安全研究进展 [J].
<p>如何在边境地区最大限度地实现人流、物流和资金流等自由、快速的有效流动，从而促进国家经济快速发展的同时，防止国际犯罪集团、恐怖主义、非法移民、毒品和大量破坏性武器通过边境地区进入本国，以保证边境和国家的安全，已经成为各国对边境安全研究的核心。当前围绕这一主题国外政治地理学对边境安全的研究主要集中在：对边境安全研究的基本理论探讨、自由贸易与边境安全、恐怖主义与边境安全和先进技术应用与边境安全等4个方面。文章在梳理这4个专题已有研究的基础上，总结了今后边境安全需要进一步深入探讨的基本问题：1）边境安全的理论与实践之间的不一致性；2）高新技术在边境安全管理中的应用；3）边境安全管理中的双边合作；4）边境安全预警体系构建。最后，提出了国外边境安全研究对中国边境安全的一些启示。</p>
Progress of foreign political geography in border security studies [J].
<p>如何在边境地区最大限度地实现人流、物流和资金流等自由、快速的有效流动，从而促进国家经济快速发展的同时，防止国际犯罪集团、恐怖主义、非法移民、毒品和大量破坏性武器通过边境地区进入本国，以保证边境和国家的安全，已经成为各国对边境安全研究的核心。当前围绕这一主题国外政治地理学对边境安全的研究主要集中在：对边境安全研究的基本理论探讨、自由贸易与边境安全、恐怖主义与边境安全和先进技术应用与边境安全等4个方面。文章在梳理这4个专题已有研究的基础上，总结了今后边境安全需要进一步深入探讨的基本问题：1）边境安全的理论与实践之间的不一致性；2）高新技术在边境安全管理中的应用；3）边境安全管理中的双边合作；4）边境安全预警体系构建。最后，提出了国外边境安全研究对中国边境安全的一些启示。</p>
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国际区域经济一体化理论综述 [J].
国际区域经济一体化已经成为当今世界经济发展的一大显著特征,中国参与国际区域经济一体化的进程不断加快.本文对国际区域经济一体化的代表性理论:关税同盟理论、自由贸易区理论、共同市场理论、协议性国际分工原理和综合发展战略理论进行了评述,这些理论对我国与周边国家的一体化理论与实践具有一定的借鉴意义.
Guoji quyu jingji yitihua lilun zongshu [J].
国际区域经济一体化已经成为当今世界经济发展的一大显著特征,中国参与国际区域经济一体化的进程不断加快.本文对国际区域经济一体化的代表性理论:关税同盟理论、自由贸易区理论、共同市场理论、协议性国际分工原理和综合发展战略理论进行了评述,这些理论对我国与周边国家的一体化理论与实践具有一定的借鉴意义.
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“一带一路”战略的科学内涵与科学问题 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.05.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
"一带一路"指"丝绸之路经济 带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路",是中国为推动经济全球化深入发展而提出的国际区域经济合作新模式。其核心目标是促进经济要素有序自由流动、资源高效配置 和市场深度融合,推动开展更大范围、更高水平、更深层次的区域合作,共同打造开放、包容、均衡、普惠的区域经济合作架构。"一带一路"框架包含了与以往经 济全球化完全不同的理念,即"和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢",这正是丝绸之路文化内涵的体现。本文分析了"一带一路"战略与经济全球化及世界 格局变化的关系;剖析了其空间内涵,认为"一带一路"具有多重空间内涵和跨尺度特征,是统筹中国全面对外开放的国家战略。最后,提出了推进"一带一路"建 设为地理学提出的几个重要议题,包括地缘政治、国别地理、对外直接外资理论、交通运输优化组织等。
Scientific understandingof the Belt and Road initiative of China and related research themes [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.05.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
"一带一路"指"丝绸之路经济 带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路",是中国为推动经济全球化深入发展而提出的国际区域经济合作新模式。其核心目标是促进经济要素有序自由流动、资源高效配置 和市场深度融合,推动开展更大范围、更高水平、更深层次的区域合作,共同打造开放、包容、均衡、普惠的区域经济合作架构。"一带一路"框架包含了与以往经 济全球化完全不同的理念,即"和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢",这正是丝绸之路文化内涵的体现。本文分析了"一带一路"战略与经济全球化及世界 格局变化的关系;剖析了其空间内涵,认为"一带一路"具有多重空间内涵和跨尺度特征,是统筹中国全面对外开放的国家战略。最后,提出了推进"一带一路"建 设为地理学提出的几个重要议题,包括地缘政治、国别地理、对外直接外资理论、交通运输优化组织等。
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中国经济地理研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201410005 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
进入21 世纪以来,各国经济地理学家纷纷开始回顾本国经济地理学的发展历程,并对未来研究进行了展望.中国经济地理学在实践中形成了具有中国特色的“实践派”,并开始国际化.科学认识和总结中国经济地理学取得成就、发展过程和特点是推进学科发展的前提.为此,在阐释经济地理学的社会功能和社会功能基础上,以中文核心期刊和SSCI 数据有关中国经济地理研究论文为依据,借助于科学知识图谱方法和工具,刻画了1994 年以来中国经济地理学发展总体情况、研究团队发展情况、研究热点及主要研究方向进展,揭示了中国经济地理学演进的基本规律性.论文关键词共现分析表明:中国经济地理学研究具有很强的问题导向性,很好地引领和回应了中国区域发展的需要.高产作者合作网络表明:经济地理学与城市地理学研究相互影响,密不可分;同时,中国经济地理学界已形成了具有明确研究传统的研究团队.海外学者和中国学者有关中国发表的SSCI 高被引论文引文图谱分析表明:尽管国际上有关中国经济地理学的研究主要由海外华人学者主导,但中国本土学者在重要理论范式构建也做出了重要贡献.在上述科学计量分析基础上,并结合专家咨询意见,总结了区域差异、产业聚集、空间联系研究、区位论与产业布局研究、交通地理、生产者服务业、功能区划与典型地区规划、能源与碳排放、贸易与投资、信息技术与互联网等经济地理学分支研究领域进展和发展趋势.最后提出,在未来的研究中需要妥善处理好继承优良传统与锐利进取自由探索、具体研究方向与学科发展、处理好区域性研究与理论深化、人文与经济等关系.
Research progress of economic geography in China [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201410005 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
进入21 世纪以来,各国经济地理学家纷纷开始回顾本国经济地理学的发展历程,并对未来研究进行了展望.中国经济地理学在实践中形成了具有中国特色的“实践派”,并开始国际化.科学认识和总结中国经济地理学取得成就、发展过程和特点是推进学科发展的前提.为此,在阐释经济地理学的社会功能和社会功能基础上,以中文核心期刊和SSCI 数据有关中国经济地理研究论文为依据,借助于科学知识图谱方法和工具,刻画了1994 年以来中国经济地理学发展总体情况、研究团队发展情况、研究热点及主要研究方向进展,揭示了中国经济地理学演进的基本规律性.论文关键词共现分析表明:中国经济地理学研究具有很强的问题导向性,很好地引领和回应了中国区域发展的需要.高产作者合作网络表明:经济地理学与城市地理学研究相互影响,密不可分;同时,中国经济地理学界已形成了具有明确研究传统的研究团队.海外学者和中国学者有关中国发表的SSCI 高被引论文引文图谱分析表明:尽管国际上有关中国经济地理学的研究主要由海外华人学者主导,但中国本土学者在重要理论范式构建也做出了重要贡献.在上述科学计量分析基础上,并结合专家咨询意见,总结了区域差异、产业聚集、空间联系研究、区位论与产业布局研究、交通地理、生产者服务业、功能区划与典型地区规划、能源与碳排放、贸易与投资、信息技术与互联网等经济地理学分支研究领域进展和发展趋势.最后提出,在未来的研究中需要妥善处理好继承优良传统与锐利进取自由探索、具体研究方向与学科发展、处理好区域性研究与理论深化、人文与经济等关系.
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关于加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的思考 [J].
大国间的争霸与兴衰更替,无疑不受地缘政治和地缘经济法则的支配。冷战结束以来,随着中国等新兴国家经济的迅速发展,国际权力结构正发生深刻重组,世界正在进入新的地缘政治、地缘经济大时代,中国和平发展亟需地缘政治学、地缘经济学的理论支撑。本文在总结世界地缘政治和地缘经济发展态势的基础上,从思想渊源上论述了地理学在地缘政治学和地缘经济学发展中的基础性作用,剖析了当前中国地理学在地缘政治地缘经济领域研究中的不足,进而提出了地理学界如何加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的几点建议。
Some thoughts on the strengthening of geopolitical and geo-economic studies [J].
大国间的争霸与兴衰更替,无疑不受地缘政治和地缘经济法则的支配。冷战结束以来,随着中国等新兴国家经济的迅速发展,国际权力结构正发生深刻重组,世界正在进入新的地缘政治、地缘经济大时代,中国和平发展亟需地缘政治学、地缘经济学的理论支撑。本文在总结世界地缘政治和地缘经济发展态势的基础上,从思想渊源上论述了地理学在地缘政治学和地缘经济学发展中的基础性作用,剖析了当前中国地理学在地缘政治地缘经济领域研究中的不足,进而提出了地理学界如何加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的几点建议。
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中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济格局和对策 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.03.001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
在对19世纪末和20世纪西方代表性地缘政治与地缘经济理论进行重点介绍的基础上，分析了中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济的历史和现状特点，阐述了中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济的基本格局与发展态势，即北部地缘政治关系紧密，地缘经济发展较快；西部地缘政治关系持续发展，地缘经济合作前景广阔；西南部为地缘政治破碎带，地缘经济极具潜力；南部地缘政治与地缘经济关系总体良好，但南海问题是不稳定因素；东部地缘政治热点问题敏感复杂，地缘经济结构相对稳定。最后提出了改善提升中国周边地缘政治关系与发展地缘经济的“北联、西进、南合、东拓”地缘战略及对策建议。
Geopolitical and geo-economic situation around and China's strategies [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.03.001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
在对19世纪末和20世纪西方代表性地缘政治与地缘经济理论进行重点介绍的基础上，分析了中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济的历史和现状特点，阐述了中国周边地缘政治与地缘经济的基本格局与发展态势，即北部地缘政治关系紧密，地缘经济发展较快；西部地缘政治关系持续发展，地缘经济合作前景广阔；西南部为地缘政治破碎带，地缘经济极具潜力；南部地缘政治与地缘经济关系总体良好，但南海问题是不稳定因素；东部地缘政治热点问题敏感复杂，地缘经济结构相对稳定。最后提出了改善提升中国周边地缘政治关系与发展地缘经济的“北联、西进、南合、东拓”地缘战略及对策建议。
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边界效应与跨国界经济合作的地域模式: 以东亚地区为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2002.01.003 URL 摘要
边界是划分不同政治实体及其管辖地域的政治地理界线.国际边界对 地区经济发展有屏障和中介两种效应,并在一定条件下可相互转化.从跨国界经济合作的角度,可划分出封闭型、半封闭型和开放型等边界类型,不同的边界类型对 跨国界次区域经济合作的影响不同.边界效应在空间维上是可变的,通过空间扩散向腹地外延.文中图示了核心腹地、紧密腹地和边缘腹地三种类型.在经济全球化 和区域经济集团化的推动下,开放型边界逐渐增多,跨国界次区域经济合作日益发展,成为区域经济集团化的一种重要表现形式.本文以边界经济合作发展迅速的东 亚地区为研究样本,提出了边界跨国界经济合作的3种基本地域模式,印通道模式、贸易口岸模式和开发区模式,并探讨了各自在边界经济合作中的发展内涵及发展 前景.
The boundary effect and cross-border subregional economic cooperation: A case study of East Asia [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2002.01.003 URL 摘要
边界是划分不同政治实体及其管辖地域的政治地理界线.国际边界对 地区经济发展有屏障和中介两种效应,并在一定条件下可相互转化.从跨国界经济合作的角度,可划分出封闭型、半封闭型和开放型等边界类型,不同的边界类型对 跨国界次区域经济合作的影响不同.边界效应在空间维上是可变的,通过空间扩散向腹地外延.文中图示了核心腹地、紧密腹地和边缘腹地三种类型.在经济全球化 和区域经济集团化的推动下,开放型边界逐渐增多,跨国界次区域经济合作日益发展,成为区域经济集团化的一种重要表现形式.本文以边界经济合作发展迅速的东 亚地区为研究样本,提出了边界跨国界经济合作的3种基本地域模式,印通道模式、贸易口岸模式和开发区模式,并探讨了各自在边界经济合作中的发展内涵及发展 前景.
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云南边疆民族地区跨境婚姻与社会稳定研究 [J].
跨境婚姻已成为边疆民族地区普遍存在的社会现象,并在人口学特 征、地域特征、社会结构特征等方面呈现出新态势.边疆民族地区的发展差异、性别比失衡、传统小社会三大社会现实问题是跨境婚姻形成的主要动力机制,跨境婚 姻的大量存在,给边疆民族地区带来一系列显性或隐性的社会问题,成为影响国家安全与社会稳定的重要变量.
Research on cross-border marriage and social stability in the minority borderland of Yunnan [J].
跨境婚姻已成为边疆民族地区普遍存在的社会现象,并在人口学特 征、地域特征、社会结构特征等方面呈现出新态势.边疆民族地区的发展差异、性别比失衡、传统小社会三大社会现实问题是跨境婚姻形成的主要动力机制,跨境婚 姻的大量存在,给边疆民族地区带来一系列显性或隐性的社会问题,成为影响国家安全与社会稳定的重要变量.
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Cluster analysis: Sage university paper series on quantitative applications in the social sciences 07-044 [M]. |
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Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.001 URL 摘要
This article proposes the concept of the biometric border in order to signal a dual-faced phenomenon in the contemporary war on terror: the turn to scientific technologies and managerial expertise in the politics of border management; and the exercise of biopower such that the bodies of migrants and travellers themselves become sites of multiple encoded boundaries. Drawing on the US VISIT programme of border controls (United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology), the article proposes three central themes of the politics of the biometric border. First, the use of risk profiling as a means of governing mobility within the war on terror, segregating ‘legitimate’ mobilities such as leisure and business, from ‘illegitimate’ mobilities such as terrorism and illegal immigration. Second, the representation of biometrics and the body, such that identity is assumed to be anchored as a source of prediction and prevention. Finally, the techniques of authorization that allow the surveillance of mobility to be practiced by private security firms and homeland security citizens alike. Throughout the article, I argue that, though the biometric border is becoming an almost ubiquitous frontier in the war on terror, it also contains ambivalent, antagonistic and undecidable moments that make it contestable.
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Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism [M].
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The politics of hydropower: Developing the Mekong [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(98)00085-7 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
With renewed economic interest in the Southeast Asian region following the `peace dividend' of the early 1990s, numerous hydrodevelopment plans have been initiated in the Mekong basin. The river-as-resource, in a glibly bioregional metaphor, has been transformed from a Cold War `front line' into a `corridor of commerce', drawing six riparian states together in the pursuit of sustainable development through economic and infrastructural integration and cooperation, promoted by multi- and bilateral donors and lending institutions. Through a brief examination of the discursive framing of Mekong hydrodevelopment, this paper uncovers some of the implications of an emerging regional geopolitical imagination centred on the naturalising metaphor of the watershed. Through a discussion of the increasing involvement of private capital, and the politicisation of resource use, the implications of hydrodevelopment for Laos, an upstream state currently undergoing major hydrodevelopment, and Cambodia, a downstream state, are explored.
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Multiple dimensions in negotiating the cross-border transportlinks that connect and divide Singapore and Johor, Malaysia [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2006.00306.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract:69 Despite recent literature pointing to the need for a multidimensional approach to border processes, transport links across borders are usually uncritically associated with cross-border ‘integration’. This paper focuses on examining the roles played by transport facilities in border processes. It uses case studies of three key transport links at the border between Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. As would conventionally be expected, enhancing these links was often seen in terms of the economic opportunities expected to arise from the easing of bottlenecks. However, the findings also reveal multiple roles for the transport links at this border, many of which cannot be enlisted in any simple conception of cross-border integration, even when clear enhancement of the links is involved. These roles include: as ‘filters’ (or ‘valves’) used to encourage or discourage certain flows; as ‘gateways’ asserting territoriality; and as ‘bargaining chips’ in the bilateral relationship. A role as ‘collision points’ between policy regimes was also surprisingly important. However, contrary to usual expectations none of the transport links examined appear in the guise of ‘bridges’, contributing towards integrated governance. These findings highlight the complexity of border processes, and underline the contingent interactions between different dimensions of cross-border processes sometimes simplistically conflated as ‘integration’.
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Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference [M]. |
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Debordering the world of states: Towards a multi-level system in Europe and a multi-polity system in North America? Insights from border regions [J]. |
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Theorizing borders: An interdisciplinary perspective [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040500318449 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
The current renewed interest in the study of borders and borderlands is paralleled by a growing concern and debate on the possibility of a border model, or models, and of a border theory, or theories. Certainly, there is a new attention to theoretical consideration and discussion that could help sharpen our understanding of borders. In this essay, I argue that a model or general framework is helpful for understanding borders, and I suggest a theory of borders. The seeds of my arguments are grounded in a variety of discussions and in the works of border scholars from a variety of social science disciplines. My contention is that the literature on borders, boundaries, frontiers, and borderland regions suggests four equally important analytical lenses: (1) market forces and trade flows, (2) policy activities of multiple levels of governments on adjacent borders, (3) the particular political clout of borderland communities, and (4) the specific culture of borderland communities. A model of border studies is presented in the second part of this essay, and I argue that these lenses provide a way of developing a model that delineates a constellation of variables along four dimensions.
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Global city frontiers: Singapore' shinterland and the contested socio-political geographies of Bintan, Indonesia [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00647.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT During the 1980s, Singapore's policy-makers perceived that the continued expansion of the Singapore economy required more spaces and workers beyond the 680-square-kilometre territorial limits of the city-state. While planning to extend these limits through further land reclamation, Singapore also began to foster economic cooperation with regional neighbours, most famously in the form of a so-called Growth Triangle incorporating proximate areas of Malaysia and Indonesia. The empirical focus of this article is on the tourist enclave developed on the Indonesian island of Bintan, a 45-minute ferry ride from Singapore. This enclave embodies complex re-territorializations. We specify how, despite a decade of re-fashioning zones of Bintan into quasi-enclaves and the literal and metaphorical cultivation of a tourist haven, other claims on these transfrontier zones resurfaced in the form of resistances and struggles over the terms of access to land and resources. It is argued that the trajectory of Bintan is symptomatic of wider transformations and epitomizes new configurations of sovereignty, urbanity and 'gated globalism'. Copyright (c) 2006 The Authors. Journal Compilation (c) 2006 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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National boundaries, border zones, and marketing strategy: A conceptual framework and theoretical model of secondary boundary effects [J].https://doi.org/10.2307/1252311 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT Although national boundaries figure centrally in the definition of international marketing, the topic has not been explored fully. The author attempts to remedy this by surveying national boundary concepts and introducing a theoretical model and propositions describing the influence land boundaries have on actors in their immediate vicinity, the border zone. Dynamic national systems meet at national boundaries, and the resulting discontinuities produce spatial complexities critically important to marketing behavior in the border zone. Implications for market strategies and government policy are provided.
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A gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00277.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Although women form a large and increasing proportion of international migrants, women's mobility has generally been overlooked in the literature. Quantifying and characterizing female migration should lead to a better understanding of the forces that shape international migration. We build an original data set providing gender-disaggregated indicators of international migration by educational attainment for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. We find that women represent an increasing share of the immigration stock in the OECD countries and exhibit higher skilled emigration rates than men. Copyright (c) 2009 The Population Council, Inc..
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Binationalcities: Peoples, institutions, and structures [M]// |
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Implications of shifts in the Israeli water discourse for Israeli-Palestinian water negotiations [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00038-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Most studies analyzing the Israeli–Arab and Israeli–Palestinian water issues focus on the international level, looking at countries as singular entities, and on the physical features of these issues. However, the outcome of negotiations is likely to be determined, to a significant extent, by the ability of negotiators to meet the expectations of different internal constituencies. The win-sets available to negotiators are molded by the sanctioned discourse within societies. Hence, the potential for reaching agreements should not be analyzed without due regard to internal discourses. This paper analyzes the shifts in the internal Israeli water discourse. It argues that despite the seemingly immutable water policy scene within Israel, the previous unison discourse has fragmented in the last decade as a result of structural changes in the Israeli society and economy. These changes have the potential to increase the win-sets available to negotiators. However, the specific implications for the negotiations will be effected by the relative power of the different discourse coalitions identified in the paper, and their ability to sanction their story lines.
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Both sides of the border: Transboundary environmental managementissues facing Mexico and the United States [M]. |
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Cultural border, administrative border, and regional economicdevelopment: Evidence from Chinese cities [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2014.10.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Current province-level administrative division in China breaks the distribution of local culture and many cities are separated from their respective local culture regions to locate in other provinces. These cities encounter potential cultural conflicts with the mainstream culture of the provinces they belong to, but also face various local protectionism barriers with cities in the neighboring province that share the same border and local culture with them. As a result, transaction costs could be higher whichever side they trade with, leading to potential harm to their economic development. Using dialect as a proxy for local culture, we find that the cultural segmentation caused by the misalignment between cultural and administrative borders can significantly hamper economic development of the segmented cities. This negative effect is aggravated by greater local protectionism in neighboring provinces but alleviated by a longer history of being administrated by the same province with the current provincial capital. These findings support the hypothesis that cultural and administrative border misalignment works together with local protectionism to bring about substantial economic loss. The results thus highlight the importance of both formal and informal institutions in affecting transaction costs and economic growth, and also shed light on the potential interactions between the two types of institutions.
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Directions in border research: An overview [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(03)00066-1 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
No abstract available.
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Fragmented integration in the Singapore-Indonesian border zone: Southeast Asia's 'growth triangle' againstthe global economy [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00197 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Singapore-Indonesian investment cooperation in the Riau islands forms the key part of an initiative in cross-border cooperation including Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Four flagship projects - Batamindo Industrial Park, Bintan Industrial Estate, Bintan Beach International Resort, and the Karimun marine and industrial complex - are a key test of the effectiveness of a development strategy that seeks to 'fast track' development by creating enclaves of investment, protected from the diseconomies and constraints of their surrounding environment. This paper evaluates the progress of the flagship investments and their interaction with their surrounding communities. It shows the constraints on securing enclaves of investment opportunity in the midst of poverty and high population growth. Lessons from the development experience are linked to the political processes affecting cross-border cooperation in Southeast Asia. This discussion reveals the retention of interstate processes predicated on the continued existence of strong nation-states, rather than trans-state processes which permit the weakening of national sovereignty. The negotiating pitfalls and development dilemmas emerging in this political context are identified. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999.
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Regional adjustment to trade liberalization [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(98)00006-4 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In this paper, I examine the effect of trade reform on regional employment in Mexico. Three factors condition regional labor demand: (1) transport costs, which encourage firms to locate in regions with good access to foreign markets; (2) backward–forward linkages, which encourage firms to locate near buyers and suppliers, and (3) agglomeration economies, which reinforce the pre-trade pattern of industry location. The results suggest transport costs and backward–forward linkages influence regional employment. Post-trade employment growth is relatively high in regional industries that are close to the United States and near upstream and downstream industries. Trade reform appears to have contributed to the breakup of the Mexico City manufacturing belt and the formation of new industry centers in northern Mexico.
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The location of economic activity [M].
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Cooperation, land use, and the environment in Uxin Ju: The changing landscape of a Mongolian-Chinese borderland in China [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401007.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Human鈥揺nvironmental studies have done much to examine environmental consequences of conflictual politics but have paid scant attention to landscape implications of cooperation, especially when that cooperation is adopted by a group that is seen as politically less powerful. This article examines cooperative politics and its consequences for land use and the environment in Uxin Ju, a Mongol-dominated border area in China. Since the 1980s, in the context of China's economic reform, land use in Uxin Ju has become more intensified, and the identification of the Mongolian culture has shifted from land-use practices to symbolic features such as language and heritage. Much of the change has been influenced by the Mongols' cooperative relationship with the Chinese state and the Han Chinese people. The Mongols have participated actively in the state's project of economic modernization and have utilized their access to Chinese technology and laborers to their own advantage in bringing about land-use change...
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Chinese cross-border shopping: An empirical study [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348004272178 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Shopping is one of the most enjoyable leisure-time activities for many tourists. It is, for some destinations, the primary reason for tourism. This article introduces a conceptual model on cross-border shopping built on the extant literature of outshopping, cross-border shopping, and border travel. The authors incorporate macro- and microanalytical factors that influence cross-border shopping behavior. It is hypothesized that market and consumer characteristics (i.e., macro and micro factors) affect cross-border shopping. The model has been tested with data collected from1,000 Hong Kong residents. Findings of this study confirmed that cross-border shopping behavior was affected by the macroenvironmental factors (market characteristics) of the shopping area and socioeconomic as well as motivational characteristics of the consumer (microanalytical factors). On the other hand, the impact of traveling distance between the tourist's place of residence and the shopping area on cross-border shopping was found to be nonsignificant. Implications for retailers and tourism-related institutions are discussed.
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How does a cluster relocate across the border? The case of information technology cluster in the Taiwan-Suzhou region [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.07.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Since the end of the Cold War, cross-border regions have proliferated at the borders of formal socialist countries, especially in China. Existing accounts of these emergences treat them either at the macro-level, focusing on political initiatives, or at the micro-level, with emphasis on social and economic relations. This paper uses the Taiwan鈥揝uzhou cross-border region as a case study for suggesting a meso-level approach, arguing that as a result of continuous interactions between individual Taiwanese information technology firms and opportunity structures generated by the selective opening of the Chinese border, the formation of cross-border high-tech regions is shaped and determined at the level of the industrial system. The industrial system acts as a platform for coordination and cooperation between local elites and foreign investors and among individual firms within this system. The formation of the cross-border high-tech region thus involves the relocation and institutional re-embedding of industrial systems across the border, which has been accompanied by the systemic building of Taiwanese firms on the one hand, and the institutional innovation of Chinese local states on the other.
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Regionauts: The transformation of cross-border regions in Scandinavia [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776408090418 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT Many cross-border regions in Europe remain more political dreamscapes than examples of strong transnational integration.The development of the Öresund region through a bridge linking Copenhagen and eastern Denmark with Southern Sweden has been seen as a model for EU region building. Drawing on a multidisciplinary project, this article uses the Öresund case as a starting point, bringing in some contrastive Scandinavian examples. The aim is to discuss how regions try to make themselves visible and attractive for investments and visitors, but above all to what extent they produce regionauts actively creating integration by different border-crossing activities and contacts. The focus is on the cultural dimensions found in everyday practices and symbolic manifestations of these transnational processes. What kind of gaps between regional rhetoric and actual mundane activities emerge? A historical perspective is used to illustrate these changing border dynamics in which cultural, political and economic asymmetries often become an energizing factor.
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Operation gatekeeper: The rise of the "illegal alien" and the remaking of the U.S.-Mexico boundary [M].
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The lines that continue to separate us: Borders in our 'borderless' world [J].https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132506ph599xx URL 摘要
The study of borders has undergone a renaissance during the past decade. This is reflected in an impressive list of conferences, workshops and scholarly publications. This renaissance has been partly due to the emergence of a counternarrative to the borderless and deterritorialized world discourse which has accompanied much of globalization theory. The study of borders has moved beyond the limited confines of the political geography discourse, crossing its own disciplinary boundaries, to include sociologists, political scientists, historians, international lawyers and scholars of international relations. But this meeting of disciplines has not yet been successful in creating a common language or glossary of terms which is relevant to all scholars of borders. Central to the contemporary study of borders are notions such as 'borders are institutions', the process of 'bordering' as a dynamic in its own right, and the border terminologies which focus on the binary distinctions between the 'us' and 'them', the 'included' and the 'excluded'. Borders should be studied not only from a top-down perspective, but also from the bottom up, with a focus on the individual border narratives and experiences, reflecting the ways in which borders impact upon the daily life practices of people living in and around the borderland and transboundary transition zones. In positing an agenda for the next generation of border-related research, borders should be seen for their potential to constitute bridges and points of contact, as much as they have traditionally constituted barriers to movement and communication.
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Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: Boundary narratives in political geography [J]. |
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Territories, boundaries andconsciousness: The changing geographies of the Finnish-Russian border [M]. |
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Cross-border regions in Europe: Significance and drivers of regional cross-border cooperation [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776403010002004 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
The 1990s have seen a strong surge in the number of cross-border regions all over Western and Eastern Europe. The article analyses the emergence of these local cross-border institutions in public governance by addressing their context, dimensions and causal underpinnings. First, it offers a brief background on the history of cross-border regions in Europe and related EU policies to support them. Second, it provides a conceptual definition of crossborder regions and their various forms and positions within the wider context of other transnational regional networks. Third, it analyses the empirical dimensions of European cross-border regions, including their frequency, geographic distribution and development over time. It concludes by linking cross-border regions and their various forms to institutional conditions in specific countries as well as the effects of European regional policy. It is argued that small-scale cross-border regions have flourished in particular because of their increasingly relevant role as implementation units for European regional policy in a context of multi-level governance.
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Policy entrepreneurshipand multilevel governance: A comparativestudy of European cross-border regions [J].https://doi.org/10.1068/c60m URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The author addresses the recent proliferation of cross-border regions, or ‘Euroregions’, in Europe. It is argued that EU multilevel governance patterns generate opportunities for entrepreneurial policy organisations to attract policy tasks and resources. This is conceptualised as policy entrepreneurship and applied to a comparative case-study analysis of three Euroregions: EUREGIO (Germany02–02Netherlands), Viadrina (Poland02–02Germany), and Tyrol Euroregion (Austria02–02Italy). The analysis focuses on the ability of these initiatives to establish themselves as autonomous organisations. It finds considerable variation across the cases in this respect. Following on from this, the paper shows how administrative and institutional environments in different EU member states affect the ability of Euroregions to engage in policy entrepreneurship. It is concluded that it is premature to perceive Euroregions as new types of regional territorial entities; rather, they are part of the policy-innovation scenario enabled by EU multilevel governance.
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Socioeconomic inequality in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands: Modernization and buffering [J]. |
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Cross-border regionalization and tourism development at the Swedish-Finnish border: "Destination arctic circle" [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701226022 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Globalization, and especially the making of a "Europe of regions" has whittled away many restrictions that international borders have previously placed on mobility. The European Union's internal borders have been opened up both physically and symbolically, and cross-border regions have become places for communication and interaction. This new regionalization process has opened up alternative possibilities and new challenges for tourism development, especially in the northern peripheries of Europe, which often consist of national borderlands. This paper discusses the changes that cross-border regionalization, and especially the opportunity to link into funding for transnational co-operation projects, has introduced into tourism development strategies in the Middle Tornio Valley cross-border region. The analysis of this empirical case study of the construction of a cross-border tourist destination emphasizes the role of the tourism industry in furthering regional identities and "borderless" regional images. Hence, in the context of the Finnish-Swedish border, it can be noted that the landscape of state control is gradually becoming a landscape of tourism, even though the border still mostly defines the course of social, political and economic activities.
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Developing integrated rural tourism: Actor practices in the English/Welsh border [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.12.001 Magsci 摘要
<h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2><p id="">This paper examines community attitudes and distinctive practices that shape local responses to integrated rural tourism (IRT) development in the lagging rural region of the English/Welsh border area. The focus is on how actors acquire attributes as a result of their relations with others and how these assumed identities are performed in, by and through these relations. The location of this lagging rural region is particularly interesting as it is divided by a national boundary which not only impacts on administrative, planning and tourism marketing structures, but also contributes to the construction of fluid place identities (<span id="bbib66"><a href="#bib66" id="ancbbib66" class="intra_ref">Murdoch and Pratt, 1997</a></span> describe ‘fluid space’ as having ‘no fixed points of reference, no privileged points of view, simply a swirling, viscous, partially stable, partially enclosed movement of social entities’ (p. 64) that may be described as Welsh, English, or a mixture of both. In order to reflect the variety of opinions and concerns in the region, responses were drawn from different actor-groups: local businesses, resource controllers, gatekeepers, institutions, community members and visitors. Results indicate that, while most were in favour of a greater integration of tourism with actors' aspirations, local resources and activities, there was an element of longing for a <em>deux ex machina</em> to put in place real change in the region.</p>
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Not quite a twin city: Cross-boundary integration in Hong Kong and Shenzhen [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.12.003 URL 摘要
The integration of cross-border regions involves at least three dimensions, i.e., economic integration, institutional integration and social integration. The relationship and the gaps among these processes of integration need detailed studies in the context of increasing number of cross-border regions. The empirical focus of this paper is the cross-boundary integration of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, two major cities that have played a pivotal role in China's urbanization, development and internationalization over the last three decades. It is revealed that economic integration prevails in the Hong Kong–Shenzhen integrated region. Economic integration has necessitated the institutional integration which in turn attempts to facilitate economic integration. But both economic and institutional integration cannot change the pace of social integration. Social integration lags significantly behind economic and institutional integration. Brunet-Jailly's main hypothesis of the theory of borderland studies is only partially valid in Hong Kong–Shenzhen region. The paper concludes that Hong Kong–Shenzhen has not yet become a twin city.
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Hong Kong's "transferred" industrialization and industrial geography [J].https://doi.org/10.1525/as.1998.38.9.01p0387e URL |
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Assembling for development: The maquila industry in Mexico and the United States [M]. |
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A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.10.002 URL 摘要
ABSTRACT In this paper I explore what the development of an expedited border-crossing program called NEXUS reveals about the changing political geography of citizenship in contemporary North America. Developed after 9/11 as a high-tech solution to competing demands for both heightened border security and ongoing cross-border business movement, NEXUS and other so-called Smart Border programs exemplify how a business class civil citizenship has been extended across transnational space at the very same time as economic liberalization and national securitization have curtailed citizenship for others. The biopolitical production of this privileged business class citizenship is explored vis-à-vis the macroscale entrenchment of neoliberal policy through NAFTA and the microscale production of entrepreneurial selfhood. By examining how this transnational privileging of business class rights has happened in an American context of exclusionary nationalism, the paper also explores the relationship between neoliberalism and the development of new spaces of exception defined by exclusion from civil rights. Examples of such exclusion include ‘expedited removal’ and ‘extraordinary rendition’, two forms of American anti-immigrant control that have been developed in concert with expedited border-crossing programs. Examining these forms of expedited exclusion and comparing the carceral cosmopolitanism they produce with the soft cosmopolitanism of the NEXUS lane, the paper ends by offering an argument about the relationship between the neoliberal privileging of transnational mobility rights and its exclusionary counterparts.
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Cross-border differences and unfamiliarity: Shopping mobility in the Dutch-German Rhine-Waal Euroregion [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.716236 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Many international differences can be experienced in shopping spaces on both sides of a national border. Other languages, unfamiliar goods and unknown spatial codes are only a few of the physical-functional and socio-cultural differences that could cause exciting and stimulating situations but could also be perceived as problematic and deterring. This paper analyses perceptions, motivations and practices of cross-border (non-)shoppers and provides insights into ways in which people from cross-border regions deal with differences and the extent to which they interact across borders. The aim is to both theoretically and empirically substantiate the dynamic concept of (un)familiarity by scrutinizing the impact of push, pull, keep and repel factors on shopping (im)mobility in the Dutch-German Rhine-Waal Euroregion. These factors are seen as rooted in dynamic processes of constructing, deconstructing and reconstructing differences between places on both sides of the border. In so doing, attention is paid to changing shopping practices and motivations and influencing changing perceptions of international differences. As such, the paper also discusses familiarization processes in cross-border regions. The concluding section provides critical reflections on the current European policy approach towards cross-border regional development. In fact, the paper ends with a plea for more instead of less borders, as borders are markers of international differences which could promote cross-border mobility.
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From frontier to bridgehead: Cross-border regions and the experience of Yunnan, China [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01191.x Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Drawing on recent theoretical tenets regarding cross-border regions, this article analyzes China's state spatial policies that aim to transform Yunnan from a peripheral frontier into an economic bridgehead. The purposes of the present study are threefold: to contextualize the formation of Yunnan as China's frontier; to examine why Yunnan has been strategically selected as a bridgehead to promote China's transnational economies; and to explore the central-provincial alliance as an innovative institutional arrangement and look at how this alliance can convert Yunnan into a space of exception or new state space of development. This study finds that in order to convert regional assets into real competitiveness, the Chinese state (national, provincial and local) emphasizes transnational cooperation, endeavors to maximize Yunnan's place-specific locational advantages and promotes the differentiation of regional developmental trajectories across China's national territory. The article contributes to studies of institutional arrangements for cross-border cooperation in a non-Western context and sheds light on China's regional development policies in its hinterland.
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Tourist shopping experiences and satisfaction [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.595 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract This paper examines tourists' perceived satisfaction with local shopping culture, staff service quality, product value and reliability, physical features of shops, payment methods, and other shopping and shop attributes with special reference to the region of Cappadocia, Turkey. A survey questionnaire was designed and conducted with tourists visiting the region on a guided tour. It was found that the respondents recorded different levels of satisfaction with various attributes of shops and shopping. Based on the research results, it is suggested that providing a higher level of shopping experience for tourists and increasing the contribution of shopping to the regional economy requires supporting indigenous local people via various fiscal and educational instruments to continue producing and retailing authentic handicrafts and souvenir goods. It is believed that this not only is necessary for the achievement of higher levels of tourist satisfaction and greater economic benefits for the local economy but also for achieving the ultimate goal of sustained and sustainable tourism development. Copyright 漏 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The geopolitics of borders and boundaries [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040500318522 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
_html_urlhttp://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/46481
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Equilibrium locations of vertically linked industries [J].
There are two imperfectly competitive industries, upstream and downstream, and two locations. Where do the industries locate? Production occurs in both locations when transport costs are high (industry must be close to consumers) or low (factor prices determine location). Imperfect competition and transport costs create forward and backward linkages between upstream and downstream industries, and at intermediate transport costs these linkages determine location. There are multiple equilibria, some with agglomeration in a single location. Reducing transport costs from high to intermediate causes agglomeration and divergence of economic structure and income; further reductions may undermine the agglomeration, bringing convergence. Copyright 1996 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
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An analysis of commonality in the twin metropolitan areas of San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Mexico [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2003.10.006 URL |
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Borderlands, identity and urban development: The case of Goma (Democratic Republic of the Congo) [J].https://doi.org/10.1163/187541100X00120 URL 摘要
This paper challenges traditional studies that explore border sites from a central or capital city perspective. Focusing on expressions of identity in the border city of Goma, it illustrates how the struggle for political, social and economic control affects local urban life and has broader implications for regional relationships and realities. The paper suggests that Goma must be understood as a site of change and fluidity rather than (as borders are commonly depicted) a static and dependent environment, whose increasing sense of autonomy is directly linked to state decline and to the dynamics of regional conflict. Goma has become an area of military rebellion, political struggle and economic competition, as well as a city of flourishing transborder trade and economic opportunity. The paper highlights the need to follow closely the increasing national and regional role that Goma, and other emerging urban centres on the periphery, are playing. This analysis was concluded early 2012 and does not include recent developments related to the M23 rebellion.
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Hong Kongers' cross-border consumption and shopping in Shenzhen: Patterns and motivations [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00014-6 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2><p id="">The phenomenon that many Hong Kong people cross the border to shop and consume in Shenzhen has recently drawn great public attention in Hong Kong. In an attempt to understand the nature of this phenomenon and to shed further light on cross-border consumption and shopping in general, this paper investigates the patterns and motivations of Hong Kong people's consumption and shopping in Shenzhen. A negative binomial model is developed to evaluate the effects of motivational factors and socio-economic characteristics on the frequency of cross-border trips. Results of the study indicate that Hong Kongers’ cross-border consumption and shopping activities in Shenzhen were both functional and recreational.</p>
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