藏北羌塘高原双湖地表热源强度及地表水热平衡

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郭燕红, 张寅生, 马颖钊, 马宁. 藏北羌塘高原双湖地表热源强度及地表水热平衡. 69(7): 983-992
GUO Yanhong, ZHANG Yinsheng, MA Yingzhao, MA Ning. Surface heat source intensity and surface water/energy balance in Shuanghu, northern Tibetan Plateau. Acte Geographica Sinica, 69(7): 983-992 复制到剪切板

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藏北羌塘高原双湖地表热源强度及地表水热平衡

郭燕红^1,², 张寅生¹, 马颖钊^1,², 马宁^1,²

1. 中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 环境变化与地表过程重点实验室, 北京 100101

2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

张寅生 (1961-), 男, 研究员, 博士生导师, 主要从事寒旱区地表水文过程研究。E-mail: yszhang@itpcas.ac.cn

作者简介：郭燕红 (1986-), 男, 在读博士, 主要从事寒旱区地表水文过程研究。E-mail: guoyh@itpcas.ac.cn

基金:国家重点基础研究发展规划项目 (973项目) (2010CB951701); 国家自然科学基金项目 (40775045); 中国科学院百人计划项目 (KZCX2-YW-BR-22)

摘要

青藏高原加热及地—气间物质能量交换对我国、东亚乃至全球的天气和气候系统都有着非常重要的作用,受客观条件限制,藏北羌塘高原腹地尚无系统的地—气相互作用过程观测。本文利用中国科学院羌塘双湖极端环境综合观测研究站2011年10月-2012年9月一年的自动气象站观测数据,分析了年内季节和日尺度下双湖地区地面加热场特征,探讨了地表能量平衡及水量平衡特征,结果表明：(1) 双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本为正,年平均热源强度为79.5 W/m²;然而地表热源强度呈现明显的季节和日变化规律,夏季热源强度大于冬季,白天热源强度大于夜间。夏季地表白天为强热源,夜间为弱热源,冬季地表白天为强热源,夜间为冷源。(2) 双湖地区地表能量分配季节变化明显,7、8月份地—气间主要以潜热交换为主,其他月份主要以感热方式进行热量交换,年平均上主要以感热交换为主,年均感热通量和潜热通量分别为55.4 W/m²和24.1 W/m²,波文比为2.3。(3) 双湖地区降水和蒸发皆主要集中在6-9月,年降雨量为332 mm,年蒸发量为312.9 mm,年水量差为19.1 mm,地表水量存在不平衡现象。(4) 双湖地区地表蒸发力很强,年潜在蒸发为1888.2 mm,年均湿润指数为0.17,属典型半干旱气候特征。

关键词: 藏北高原; 双湖; 地表热源; 水热平衡

Surface heat source intensity and surface water/energy balance in Shuanghu, northern Tibetan Plateau

GUO Yanhong^1,², ZHANG Yinsheng¹, MA Yingzhao^1,², MA Ning^1,²

1.Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and the Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Fund:Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program), No.2010CB951701; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41071042; Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.KZCX2-YW-BR-22

Abstract

Heat and energy exchange between land and atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau is of great importance for the climatic system in China, east Asia as well as the world. However, there is no systematic observation on atmosphere-land interaction in northern Tibetan Plateau due to rough environmental conditions. In this paper, surface heating and energy/water balance within various temporal scales are analyzed from October 2011 to September 2012 in Shuanghu region. The results show that: (1) the surface heating is positive in the whole year, with an average value of 79.5 W/m². However, the intensity displays obviously seasonal and diurnal patterns in this region, where it is stronger in summer than that in winter, and also higher in daytime than at night; (2) Surface energy condition varies seasonally, and latent heat exchange is dominated in July and August; (3) surface moisture imbalance occurs in this region, where the annual rainfall and evaporation is 332 mm and 312.9 mm respectively, and the difference is 19.1 mm. (4) The evaporative potential is strong with a humid index of 0.17, belonging to a typically semi-arid climatic region.

Keyword: northern Tibetan Plateau; Shuanghu; surface heat source; water/energy balance

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青藏高原以其独特的地形被称为“ 第三极” ^[1], 平均海拔高度达4000 m以上, 是世界上平均海拔最高的高原, 其强大的动力和热力作用显著地影响着东亚气候格局、亚洲季风进程和北半球大气环流^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}。近几十年来, 青藏高原对大气环流的动力和热力影响的研究已然成为大气科学领域的热点, 为此相继开展了一系列的大型气象观测试验。例如, 1979年“ 第一次青藏高原气象试验” 、1982-1983年“ 青藏高原地面热源观测” 、1998年“ 第二次青藏高原气象试验 (TIPEX)” 、“ 全球能量水循环亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究 (GAME/Tibet)” 及全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验 (CAMP/Tibet) 等。基于这些野外试验很多地— 气相互作用研究工作已在青藏高原那曲地区^{[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}、阿里地区^{[16, 17, 18]}及珠峰地区^{[19, 20, 21, 22]}等诸多地区开展, 这些研究不仅有助于深入认识青藏高原地区复杂下垫面的水热循环特征及机制, 也为揭示青藏高原对我国、东亚乃至全球天气和气候的动力及热力之影响提供了基础数据^{[23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]}。然而, 由于青藏高原面积达250× 10⁴ km², 下垫面极为复杂, 其特殊的地理条件和恶劣的气候环境给野外观测造成极大的困难, 使得很多野外观测只能在城市附近和交通相对便利的地区展开, 而对于气候恶劣、交通不便的羌塘高原腹地尚无系统的地— 气相互作用过程观测。羌塘高原作为青藏高原主体部分, 平均海拔在4600 m以上, 气候干旱、寒冷, 且风大、辐射强, 是我国气候条件最为恶劣、生态环境极为脆弱的区域。同时, 羌塘高原腹地属典型青藏高原内流区, 其地表与大气间物质和能量交换不仅对局地气候格局产生影响, 甚至对我国乃至东亚气候产生影响。因此, 开展羌塘高原陆气相互作用观测对全面认识青藏高原内流区地— 气间物质和能量交换具有重要意义。

因此本文利用中国科学院羌塘双湖极端环境综合观测研究站2011年10月-2012年9月气象观测资料分析了藏北羌塘高原双湖地区地表加热强度及地表水热平衡特征, 旨在填补藏北羌塘腹地地— 气相互作用观测空白, 并为进一步认识、阐明和模拟青藏高原内流区及高原高寒荒漠草原典型下垫面地— 气相互作用过程提供参考。

1 研究区概况与观测试验

1.1 观测试验与资料选取

本文观测场位于羌塘高原中部典型高寒草原地区 (88° 50′ E, 33° 13′ N, 海拔4939 m, 图1), 区内气候寒冷, 多年均温低于0 ^oC, 其中最低年均温为-9.6 ^oC, 而最暖月均温 (7月) 亦不高于14 ° C^{[32, 33]}; 而且该区降水稀少, 蒸发力强, 系典型亚高寒半干旱季风气候^[34]。因海拔较高, 地表植被以耐低温和耐干旱的高寒植物为主, 如紫花针茅和青藏苔草等, 且生长季较短; 区内土壤以高山亚高山草原土为主, 土层一般在40 cm左右^[35]。本研究主要利用自动气象站定位观测的辐射通量观测资料和微气象梯度观测资料, 观测场地内地势开阔平坦, 满足近地层理论中水平均匀下垫面的要求。观测场内设有一座4 m高的微气象观测塔和一套辐射观测系统, 主要观测项目包括：四层 (0.7 m、1.5 m、2 m、4 m) 风速 (010C-1型, MetOne公司, 精度：± 1%)、空气温度和空气湿度 (HMP45C型, Vaisala公司, 精度：± 1%), 并在4 m高度设置风向观测 (020C-1型, MetOne公司, 精度：± 3° ); 1m高度处的四分量辐射仪 (CNR 4型, Kipp& Zonen公司, 精度：± 2.5%)和三层 (0.03 m、0.3 m、0.5 m) 土壤热通量板 (HFP01SC型, Hukseflux公司, 精度：± 2%); 同时安装了大气压 (PTB110型, Vaisala公司, ± 0.1 hpa) 和自动雨量计 (SM3-1型, 上海气象仪器厂, 精度：± 0.1 mm) 等。试验前对仪器进行了标定, 仪器精度符合要求。以上观测资料每10 min记录一次, 观测数据以北京时间为准。另外, 后期对观测资料进行了严格的数据质量控制, 数据质量满足计算要求。

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	图1 双湖站位置示意图及观测仪器Fig. 1 The location of Shuanghu Station and observation instruments

1.2 计算方法

1.2.1 一般而言, 在匀质下垫面、大气定常情况下, 地表能量平衡方程可表示为^[36]：

$\begin{matrix} Q_{N} - Q_{G} = Q_{H} + Q_{E} \end{matrix}$ (1)

式中, Q_N为地表净辐射 (W/m²), Q_G为土壤热通量 (W/m²), Q_H为感热通量 (W/m²), Q_E为潜热通量 (W/m²)。定义Q_N - Q_G为地面加热强度^[11], 当Q_N - Q_G > 0时, 地面向大气输送热能, 地面相对大气是热源; 反之, 当Q_N - Q_G < 0时, 地面对大气而言为冷源。

式 (1) 中地表净辐射通量Q_N由辐射仪观测到的辐射四分量计算得到, Q_G取0.03 m处观测的土壤热通量结果, 感热通量Q_H、潜热通量Q_E可基于组合法^{[37, 38, 39]}进行计算：

$\begin{matrix} Q_{H} = Q_{H 0} F \end{matrix}$ (2)

$\begin{matrix} Q_{E} = Q_{E 0} F \end{matrix}$ (3)

$\begin{matrix} F = \frac{Q_{N} - Q_{G}}{Q_{H 0} + Q_{E 0}} \end{matrix}$ (4)

$\begin{matrix} Q_{H 0} = ρ C_{p} k^{2} z_{a}^{2} \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \frac{\partial θ}{\partial z} \approx ρ C_{p} k^{2} z_{a}^{2} \frac{Δu}{Δz} \frac{Δθ}{Δz} \end{matrix}$ (5)

$\begin{matrix} Q_{E 0} = ρλ k^{2} z_{a}^{2} \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \frac{\partial θ}{\partial z} \approx ρλ k^{2} z_{a}^{2} \frac{Δu}{Δz} \frac{Δq}{Δz} \end{matrix}$ (6)

$\begin{matrix} θ = T {(\frac{1000}{P})}^{0.286} \end{matrix}$ (7)

式中, Q_H₀和Q_E₀为未经层结订正的感热通量和潜热通量; F为层结影响函数, ρ 为空气密度 (0.7 kg/m³ ), C_p为空气等压比热 (1.01× 10³ J/kg· K), k为Karman常数, 取k = 0.4, z_a为两层观测高度的z_i (m) 和z_i₊₁ (m) 的几何平均值, 本文分别取Zi和Zi+1为0.7 m和2 m, λ 为水的汽化潜热 (2.45 MJ/kg), T为气温 (^oC), θ 为位温 (^oC), q为比湿 (kg/kg), P为大气压 (kPa)。

由潜热潜热通量可计算得到地表实际蒸发：

$\begin{matrix} E = \frac{Q_{E}}{λ} \end{matrix}$ (8)

式中, E为地表蒸发量 (mm)。

1.2.2 湿度度指数计算湿润度指数用于表示某一区域的干旱程度, 其定义为^[41]：

$\begin{matrix} WI = \Pr / E_{p} \end{matrix}$ (9)

式中, Pr为自动雨量计观测校正后的降水量^[40], E_p为潜在蒸发量。当WI > 1.0为湿润类型, 1.0 ≥ WI > 0.3为半湿润型, 当0.3 ≥ WI > 0.1为半干旱型, 当WI ≤ 0.1为干旱型^[41]。

E_p计算公式为^[42]：

$\begin{matrix} E_{p} = \frac{Δ}{Δ + γ} \frac{Q_{n} - Q_{G}}{λ} + \frac{γ}{Δ + γ} (0.26 * (1 + 0.54 U) (e_{o} - e_{a}) \end{matrix}$ (10)

Δ 为饱和水汽压— 温度曲线斜率, γ 为干湿常数, U为2 m高处风速, e₀和e_a分别为空气实际水汽压和饱和水汽压。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 地面加热场

2.1.1 地面加热场季节变化整体而言, 与高原北部和西部一致^{[18, 24, 26]}, 双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本皆为正。然而, 这种热源强度呈现出较为明显的季节差异 (图2), 夏季系强热源, 冬季则为弱热源; 具体而言, 7月地表热源强度可达126.3 W/m², 12月则仅23.9 W/m², 年均热源强度79.5 W/m²。需要指出, 冬季降雪事件会影响地表热源强度, 由图3(b)可知, 观测期内2012年1月10-13日和2012年2月8-14日反照率明显升高, 导致了地表热源强度的明显下降 (图3a)。表1给出了两次降雪事件前后地表热源强度大小, 对比降雪前后可以看出2012年1月10日和2月8日的两次降雪事件, 导致地表热源强度分别下降16.8 W/m²和25.6 W/m², 降幅分别达40%和75%。分析其原因：一方面, 降雪引起地表反照率的升高, 使净辐射的明显下降, 导致地表热源强度的减弱。另一发面, 由图3(b) 可知双湖地区冬季降雪较少, 积雪持续时间较短且积雪较薄, 较冷的地表温度促进土壤热通量由土壤向大气输送, 导致地表热源强度增强, 然而其增强幅度小于地表净辐射的减弱幅度。因此, 反照率升高引起地表净辐射的下降是降雪事件后地表热源强度减弱的主要原因。

表1 降雪前后地表热源强度对比 Tab. 1 Comparison of surface heat source intensity before and after snowfall in Shuanghu

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	图2 双湖地表热源强度季节变化 (月平均值)Fig. 2 Seasonal variation of surface heat intensity in Shuanghu (monthly means)

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	图3 双湖地表热源强度 (日平均值) (a) 和地表反照率 (b) 季节变化Fig. 3 Seasonal variations of surface heat source intensity (daily means) (a) and surface albedo (b) in Shuanghu

2.1.2 冬夏季地面加热场的日变化双湖地区地表热源强度呈现明显的日变化特征 (图4)。以7月代表夏季, 日出后 (7时前后) 地表热源强度迅速增加, 并于14:00达日峰值, 为384.7 W/m², 午后地表热源强度开始下降, 夜间地表热源强度除极少时间为负值外, 多维持在15 W/m²左右; 双湖地区夏季日间地表为强热源, 而夜间为弱热源。就冬季 (1月) 而言, 地表热源强度变化趋势与夏季有所差异, 日出后 (9时前后), 地表热源强度迅速增加, 并于14:40达日峰值, 为254.4 W/m², 明显低于夏季; 午后地表热源强度亦迅速下降, 18时地表热源强度由正转负, 夜间地表热源强度整体维持于-40 W/m²左右：双湖地区冬季日间地表为强热源, 而夜间为冷源。

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	图4 双湖地表热源强度日变化Fig. 4 Diurnal variation of surface heat source intensity in Shuanghu

2.2 地表能量平衡

2.2.1 地表能量平衡季节变化双湖地区地表能量平衡各分量呈现出很明显的季节变化 (图5), 地表净辐射 (Q_N) 变化呈现典型正弦曲线, 夏季大于冬季, 年内最大出现于7月, 为140.1 W/m², 最小值出现于12月, 为16.7 W/m², 年均地表净辐射为82.5 W/m²。土壤热通量 (Q_G) 与地表净辐射变化趋势相似, 土壤热通量最大值出现在6月, 最大值为16.8 W/m², 最小值出现在1月, 最小值为-7.7 W/m²; 10月到次年2月土壤热通量为负值, 整体而言该期间地表向大气释放热量, 3月到9月土壤热通量为正值, 整体而言此期间地表从大气吸收热量, 年平均土壤热通量值为3.0 W/m²。感热通量 (Q_H) 在雨季来临前5月份达到最大, 最大值为98.6 W/m², 最小值出现在12月, 最小值为22.4 W/m², 年平均感热通量为55.4 W/m²。潜热通量 (Q_E) 变化主要取决于降水, 以7月最大 (68.4 W/m²), 而11月至次年5月因降水稀少, 故Q_E普遍较低, 一般小于10 W/m², 年平均Q_E为24.1 W/m²。就年平均而言, 双湖地区地表与大气间热量交换以感热交换为主, Q_H占地表净辐射Q_N的67.2%, 而潜热通量Q_E仅占地表净辐射的29.2%, 年均波文比 (Q_H/Q_E) 为2.3, 符合半干旱区特征^[36]。上述年尺度上的地表能量分配亦呈现出季节性差异, 基于波文比的季节变化可以较为直观的显示其能量分配特征, 图6可见, 双湖地区波文比最大值出现在3月, 为27.2, 4月以后波文比逐渐减小, 这与雨季的到来有关, 特别是7、8月, 波文比普遍小于1, 暗示Q_E在夏季占净辐射的主要部分。随着秋冬季降水的减少, 加之地表的冻结, 波文比又逐渐增大, 于12月达到年内另一峰值。然而, 年内1、2月波文比又略有下降, 究其原因可能系冬季降雪导致潜热通量增加。双湖地区地表能量分配特点与高原西部狮泉河、改则^[18]及高原北部那曲^[43]、五道梁^[44]相似, 年平均上都是以感热交换为主, 然而双湖地区潜热所占比重大于高原西部的改则和狮泉河地区, 小于高原北部那曲地区; 且双湖地区潜热交换在夏季7、8月份所占比重会超过感热交换, 而高原西部和北部夏季仍以感热交换为主。

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	图5 双湖地表能量平衡季节变化Fig. 5 Seasonal variation of surface energy balance in Shuanghu

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	图6 双湖地区波文比季节变化Fig. 6 Seasonal variation of Bowen ratio in Shuanghu

2.2.2 地表能量平衡日变化由图7可见, 双湖地区地表能量平衡各分量1月份和7月份皆呈现明显日变化, 日出后地表净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量逐渐增加, 午后14时左右达到最大。1月份白天地表净辐射通量最大值为298.5 W/m², 7月份白天地表净辐射最大值为531.3 W/m²。土壤热通量在1月份和7月份皆表现为白天吸收热量, 夜晚释放热量, 但7月份吸收和释放的热量在数值上大于1月份, 1月份土壤热通量最大值为50.9 W/m², 7月份土壤热通量最大值为148.5 W/m²。感热通量在1月和7月皆表现为白天地表加热大气, 夜间大气加热地面, 然1月份夜间大气对地表加热强度大于7月份, 1月份感热通量最大值为237.7 W/m², 7月份感热通量最大值为175.9 W/m², 1月份感热通量最大值大于7月份。潜热通量在1月份日变化极小, 夜间多维持在0 W/m²左右, 白天略有增大, 最大值为15.9 W/m²; 潜热通量在7月份日变化较为明显, 夜间潜热通量仍为正值, 7月份夜间仍有蒸发现象发生, 日出后潜热通量逐渐增加, 最大值为204.1 W/m²。1月份白天, 地表净辐射主要以感热方式加热大气, 土壤热通量和潜热通量所占比例非常小; 而7月份白天, 感热通量、潜热通量、土壤热通量所占比例相当, 午前感热通量略大于潜热通量, 午后潜热通量略大于感热通量。

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	图7 双湖地区地表能量平衡各分量日变化Fig. 7 Diurnal variation of components of surface energy balance in Shuanghu

2.3 水量平衡

双湖地区年内降水分布呈单峰型(图8), 集中出现在6-9月份 (占全年总降水的92%), 尤以7月为甚, 可达122.6 mm, 其次为8月, 亦有108.5 mm。众所周知, 在干旱半干旱地区, 地表蒸发主要取决于降水, 图8可见, 蒸发亦集中于6-9月份, 年内最大蒸发出现于7月 (74.8 mm), 8月次之 (70.4 mm)。而冬季蒸发量普遍较小, 例如整个12月的蒸发量仅为1.5 mm。观测期内, 降雪主要出现在2月, 故其蒸发较冬季其他月份略有增加。就季节而言, 除7、8月降水大于蒸发外, 其他月皆是蒸发大于降水。就观测期内累积蒸发和累积降水曲线可见 (图9), 2011年10月-2012年5月, 降水稀少, 而10月蒸发较大系因2011年夏季降水存储于土壤之中, 在未冻结期间蒸发所致, 然而随着气温的降低, 表层土壤开始冻结, 加之冬季降水稀少, 蒸发显著减小, 然此期间蒸发并不能完全忽略。次年 (2012年) 6月以来, 雨季的到来使得累积降水迅速增大, 并导致蒸发的增大, 8月中旬左右累积降水量超过累积蒸发量。综合而言, 从2011年10月-2012年9月, 双湖地区年降水总量为332 mm, 蒸发总量为312.9 mm, 年水量差为19.1 mm, 观测时段内地表水量存在不平衡现象。

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	图8 双湖地区降水/蒸发季节变化Fig. 8 Seasonal variation of precipitation/evaporation in Shuanghu

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	图9 双湖地区累积降水/累积蒸发曲线Fig. 9 Variation of accumulative precipitation/evaporation in Shuanghu

2.4 干湿状况

一个地区干湿状况是该地区水热平衡的产物, 又是表征当地气候状况的重要指标^[45]。由图10 (a), 双湖地区蒸发力很大, 年潜在蒸发可达1888.2 mm。然其季节变化特征不明显, 其中以5月最大 (198.6 mm), 1月最小 (95.7 mm)。6-9月份潜在蒸发量为678.2 mm, 11月到次年4月潜在蒸发量为1210 mm, 干季潜在蒸发量大于雨季。基于前文的降水分析, 双湖地区年均湿润度指数 (WI) 为0.17, 属半干旱型气候, 这与前人结果一致^{[34, 46]}; 10月到次年5月由于降水稀少, 湿润度指数 (WI) 全在0.1以下, 为干旱型气候; 而6-9月份降水多集中在此期间, 故WI比较大, 其中7、8月份WI分别为0.77和0.72, 为半湿润型气候, 而6、9月份WI分别为0.17和0.24, 属半干旱型气候。

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	图10 双湖地区潜在蒸发(a) 和湿度指数 (WI) 季节变化(b)Fig. 10 Seasonal variations of potential evaporation (a) and wetness index (WI) (b) in Shuanghu

3 结论

本文基于藏北羌塘高原双湖2011年10月-2012年9月期间连续一年的定位观测资料, 分析了双湖地区地表热源和水热平衡分析得出如下结论：

(1) 双湖地区地表热源强度有明显的季节和日变化规律, 夏季热源强度大于冬季, 白天热源强度大于夜间。双湖地区地表一年四季皆为热源, 年平均热源强度为79.5 W/m²; 7月份双湖地区地表白天为强热源, 夜间为弱热源, 1月份双湖地区白天为强热源, 夜间为冷源。

(2) 双湖地表能量各分量季节变化明显, 7、8月份主要以潜热方式进行热量交换, 其他月份主要以感热方式进行热量交换; 年平均而言, 感热通量占地表净辐射通量的67.2%, 潜热通量占地表净辐射的29.2%, 年均波文比为2.3, 双湖地区地表与大气间热量交换以感热交换为主。

(3) 双湖地区降水主要集中在6-9月份, 年降水量为332 mm, 年蒸发量为312.9 mm, 水量差为19.1 mm。地表水量存在不平衡现象。

(4) 双湖地区地表蒸发力很强, 年潜在蒸发量为1888.2 mm, 年均湿润度指数 (WI) 为0.17, 属典型半干旱型气候特征。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[32]	Lin Zhenyao, Wu Xiangding. Climate characteristics of the eastern of north Qiangtang Plateau in the warm season (June-August). Acta Geographica Sinica, 1979, 34(1): 69-75. [林振耀, 吴祥定. 北羌塘东部暖季 (6-8月) 气候特征的初步探讨. 地理学报, 1979, 34(1): 69-75. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 2.937]
[33]	Wang Jingsheng, Zhang Xianzhou, Zhao Yuping et al. Spatio-temporal pattern of climate changes in northern Tibet's Qiangtang Plateau. Resources Science, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859. [王景升, 张宪洲, 赵玉萍等. 藏北羌塘高原气候变化的时空格局. 资源科学, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 2.123]
[34]	Zhen Jingyun, Bian Juanjuan, Ge Quansheng et al. Climate regionalization in China during 1981-2013. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099. [郑景云, 卞娟娟, 葛全胜等. 1981-2010年中国气候区划. 科学通报, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099. ] [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 0.95]
[35]	Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan Vegetations. Beijing: Science Press, 1988: 318-320. [中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队. 西藏植被. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988: 318-320. ] [本文引用:1]
[36]	Oke T R. Boundary Layer Climate. New York: Halsted Press, 1987: 1-32. [本文引用:2]
[37]	Thom A S, Stewart J B, Oliver H B. Comparison of aero-dynamical and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975, 101: 93-105. [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.327]
[38]	Hu Yinqiao, Qi Yuejin. The combinatory method to determine turbulent fluxed and the universal functions in the surface layer. Acta Meteorological Sinica, 1991, 49(1): 46-53. [胡隐樵, 奇跃进. 组合法确定近地层湍流通量和通用函数. 气象学报, 1991, 49(1): 46-53. ] [本文引用:1]
[39]	Zuo Hongchao, Hu Yinqiao. The bulk transfer coefficient over desert and gobi in Heihe Region. Plateau Meteorology, 1992, 11(4): 371-380. [左洪超, 胡隐樵. 黑河试验区沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数. 高原气象, 1992, 11(4): 371-380. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.688]
[40]	Zhang Yinsheng, Ohata T, Yang Daqing et al. Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Mongolia. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18: 2991-3005. [本文引用:1]
[41]	Xu Jianqing. An estimation og heat and water balances in the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2001, 79: 485-504. [本文引用:2] [JCR: 0.8]
[42]	Penman H L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 193: 120-145. [本文引用:1]
[43]	Li Dinghua, Wu Jingzhi, Ji Guolianget al. The Heat Balance in the Lhasa, Nagqu, Gerze and Garze During August 1982to July 1983. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 45(3): 370-374. [李丁华, 吴敬之, 季国良等. 1982 年8月-19 83年7月拉萨、那曲、改则、甘孜地面热量平衡分析. 气象学报, 45(3): 370-374. ] [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.799] [CJCR: 0.363]
[44]	Li Ren, Zhao Lin, Ding Yongjian, et al. The features of each components in the surface heat balance equation over Wudaoliang, northern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science, 2007, 25(6): 664-670. [李韧, 赵林, 丁永建等. 青藏高原北部五道梁地表热量平衡方程中各分量特征. 山地学报, 2007, 25(6): 664-670. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.736]
[45]	Zeng Qunzhu, Xie Yingqin. A study on land evaporability and dry-wet state of Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1986, 8(2): 131-143. [曾群柱, 谢应钦. 青藏高原陆面可能蒸发量和干湿状况的研究. 冰川冻土, 1986, 8(2): 131-143. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.301]
[46]	Zheng Du. Research on the Tibetan Plateau natural region system. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 1996, 26(4): 336-341. [郑度. 青藏高原自然地域系统研究. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 1996, 26(4): 336-341. ] [本文引用:1]

2008

0.0

... ^[1],平均海拔高度达4000 m以上,是世界上平均海拔最高的高原,其强大的动力和热力作用显著地影响着东亚气候格局、亚洲季风进程和北半球大气环流^{[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]} ...

1979

0.0

1998

1.327

0.0

Duzheng

, Wu

Guoxiong.

The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation.

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 1998, 67: 181-198.

1. State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, P. O. Box 2718, 100080, Beijing, China

In this paper, the thermal features of the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau in summer and their effects on the general circulation are reviewed. Some recent research results are reported. It is shown that the Plateau acts as a heat source in summer. Particularly the strong surface heating makes the air stratification very unstable and produces strong near-surface convergence and positive vorticity and upper layer divergence and negative vorticity. Intense convective activity generated thereby not only maintains such particular large-scale circulation pattern over the Plateau, but also transports large amounts of sensible heat, moisture, chemical pollutants, as well as air with low ozone concentration from near-surface layers to upper layers. A minimum centre of total ozone concentiation and a huge upper layer anticyclone with a warm and moist core are thus observed over the Plateau in summer. The strong divergent flow and anticyclonic vorticity source in the upper atmosphere have a strong influence on the general circulation over the world via meridional as well as longitudinal circulations, and energy, dispersion on a spherical surface. It is shown that the surface sensiole heating of the Plateau is essential for the occurrence of the abrupt seasonal change of the general circulation there, and for the persisten maintenance of the Asian monsoon. It is also reported that the elevated heating of the Tibetan Plateau together with its mechanical forcing cause the early onset of the Asian monsson to happen over the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, which then generates a favorable circulation background for the monsoon onset over the South China Sea. The Indian monsoon onset flows aftervards.

2001

0.0

2001

0.0

2001

0.0

2005

0.0

1.948

2007

3.273

0.0

2008

0.0

1.688

Wang

Tongmei

, Wu

Guoxiong

, Wan

Rijin.

Influence of the mechanical and thermal forcing of Tibetan Plateau on the circulation of the Asian summer monsoon area.

Plateau Meteorology, 2008, 27(1): 1-9.

[王同美, 吴国雄, 万日金. 青藏高原的热力和动力作用对亚洲季风区环流的影响. 高原气象, 2008, 27(1): 1-9. ]

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了青藏高原热状况的季节变化、动力和热力作用对周围环流,特别是对亚洲热带季风环流的影响.高原对西风带的机械作用在冬季最强,春季次之.冬季的机械作用形成以高原为主,南侧气旋性、北侧反气旋性的"偶极子"偏差环流,它比传统认识的爬坡、绕流的影响范围大得多,遍及东亚的高、低纬度.随着西风带的北移和高原总加热在4月由负变正,南侧气旋性偏差环流增强并逐渐北移,6月形成气旋盘踞整个高原的夏季型.在高原南侧,高原冬季偶极型、夏季加热的作用导致孟加拉湾地区常年存在印缅槽,使得印度半岛的感热加热始终强于中南半岛,而中南半岛上空的潜热加热大于印度半岛.印缅槽的演变存在明显的半年周期,证明2月初和8月初的较强低压槽分别对应冬季高原最强的动力强迫和夏季高原最强的热力强迫.对低纬经向风场的分析还表明,季风爆发前高原的热力作用尤为重要,是导致江南春雨的形成,亚洲季风最早在孟加拉湾东部爆发,最后在印度半岛爆发的原因.

2009

0.0

... 气相互作用研究工作已在青藏高原那曲地区^{[10,11,12,13,14,15]}、阿里地区^[16,17,18]及珠峰地区^{[19,20,21,22]}等诸多地区开展,这些研究不仅有助于深入认识青藏高原地区复杂下垫面的水热循环特征及机制,也为揭示青藏高原对我国、东亚乃至全球天气和气候的动力及热力之影响提供了基础数据^{[23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2000

0.0

1.948

Yaoming

, Osamu

Tsukamoto

, Wu

Xiaoming

et al. Characteristics of energy transfer and micrometeorology in the surface layer of the atmosphere above grassy marshland of the Tibetan Plateau area. Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences, 2000, 24(5): 715-722.

[马耀明, 塚本修, 吴晓鸣等. 藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征. 大气科学, 2000, 24(5): 715-722. ]

利用GAME/Tibet 1998年IOP观测资料,分析研究藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层的地面加热场、地表能量平衡、地面阻曳系数CD及感热通量整体输送系数CH等特征,得到了一些有关藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征结构的新认识.

... 定义Q_N - Q_G为地面加热强度^[11],当Q_N - Q_G #cod#x0003E ...

2003

1.037

0.0

Yaoming

, Su

Zhongno

, Koike

Toshio

, et al.

On measuring and remote sensing surface energy partitioning over the Tibetan Plateau: From GAME/Tibet to CAMP/Tibet.

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2003, 28: 63-74.

2005

0.0

Yaoming

, Fan

, Ishikawa

et al. Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2005, 80: 259-273.

The energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the Asian monsoon system, which in turn is a major component of both the energy and water cycles of the global climate system. Using field observational data observed from the GAME/Tibet (GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment on the Tibetan Plateau) and the CAMP/Tibet (CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau), some results on the local surface energy partitioning (diurnal variation, inter-monthly variation and vertical variation etc.) are presented in this study. The study on the regional surface energy partitioning is of paramount importance over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau and it is also one of the main scientific objectives of the GAME/Tibet and the CAMP/Tibet. Therefore, the regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) are also derived by combining NOAA-14/AVHRR data with field observations. The derived results were validated by using the ground truth , and it shows that the derived regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of land surface heat fluxes are reasonable by using the method proposed in this study. Further improvement of the method and its applying field were also discussed.

1.Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 2.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China 3.College of Life Science and Technique, Shanxi University Taiyuan China 4.Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University Japan 5.Department of Earth Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan 6.Department of Civil Engineering University of Tokyo Japan 7.Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre The Netherlands

2002

6.591

0.0

Yang

Kun

, Koike

Toshio

, Fujll

et all. Improvement of surface parametrizations with a turbulence-related length. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 2002, 128(584): 2073-2087.

1 The University of Tokyo, Japan 2 Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Japan * River Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

> In surface flux parametrizations, aerodynamic roughness length z m 0 , and thermal roughness length z h 0 , are used to account for different resistances for momentum transfer and heat transfer. This paper introduces a turbulence-related length h T and parametrizes the quantity kA −1 =ln( h T/ z h 0 ) in order to estimate z h 0 . Based on data at three sites on the Tibetan Plateau, a general formula for kA −1 is obtained for the surfaces covered by bare soil or partially covered by very short vegetation. A surface flux parametrization with this formula provides better estimates of heat flux than either profile flux parametrization or surface flux parametrization with kB −1 (i.e. ln( z m 0 / z h 0 )). Therefore, the use of a reasonable length to scale z h 0 can contribute to the improvement of surface flux parametrizations. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society

2005

0.0

1.301

Wiqiang

, Ma

Yaoming

, Li

Maoshan

et al. Seasonal variation on land surface energy budget and energy balance components in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(5): 673-680.

[马伟强, 马耀明, 李茂善等. 藏北高原地区地表辐射支出和能量平衡的季节变化. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(5): 673-680. ]

It is very important to study the regional heat fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau Area.Using CAMP/Tibet(CEOP,Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project(CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau(CAMP/Tibet,2001-2005)) data,land surface heat fluxes are analyzed.Those are the net radiation flux( R n )、sensible heat fluxes( H )、latent heat fluxes( E ) and soil heat fluxes( G 0 ).Some new results are gotten in the Northern Tibetan Plateau.1) In the Tibet plateau,the yearly variations of downward shortwave and long-wave radiation,upward shortwave and long-wave radiation,net radiation fluxes are clearly,its July numerical values are larger than January.Their eigenvalueas are 230,245,53,345 and 95 W·m -2 ;2) In the Tibetan Plateau,the diurnal variations of net radiation,sensible,latent and soil heat fluxes are clearly.They increase with the increasing of solar altitude angle after the sunrise in the morning,and the maximum appears around the noon then they decrease with the decreasing of solar altitude angle.3) Latent heat flux is the main point in summer and sensible heat flux is the main point in winter.In June latent heat flux and sensible heat flux is almost equality.At the beginning of July the latent heat flux is the main aspect until September,then sensible heat flux is the main aspect until the coming year if May.4) The variation of soil heat flux is slow and its value is very small.

1. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Template East Asia(RCE-TEA), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; 3. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; 4. Spatial Hydrology and Water Resources Management International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation(ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, P.O.Box 6 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands

对青藏高原地区地表能量的研究是一个十分重要的问题.基于中日合作项目“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验”(CAMP/Tibet)在2001年8月至2002年9月的观测数据资料,分析研究了青藏高原藏北地区地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量等的变化规律,获得了有关藏北高原地表能量的新认识.

1999

0.0

1.948

Jialun

, Hong

Zhongxiang

, Luo

Weidong

et al. A study of surface fluxes in Gerze area, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences, 1999, 23(2): 142-152.

[李家伦, 洪钟祥, 罗卫东等. 青藏高原改则地区近地层通量观测研究. 大气科学, 1999, 23(2): 142-152. ]

本研究利用首次对西藏西部改则地区大气边界层的湍流观测资料，分析了近地层动量、感热、潜热通量的变化情况，并对该地区能量收支进行了计算。最后，利用脉动资料计算了CD和CH值。

2000

0.0

0.95

Guoping

, Duan

Tingyang

, Gong

Yuanfa.

The bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes in the western Tibetan Plateau.

Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(8): 865-869.

[李国平, 段廷扬, 巩远发. 青藏高原西部地区的总体输送系数和地面通量. 科学通报, 2000, 45(8): 865-869. ]

以1997 年9 月至1998 年12 月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区近地层自动气象站(AWS)0 连续观测的梯度资料为基础, 确定出两站的平均地表粗糙度分别为2.7 和2.9 cm. 采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数, 两站1998 年动量总体输送系数(拖曳系数)的年平均值分别为4.83 ´ 10 -3 和4.75×10 -3 , 进一步用总体公式计算出两站逐日的地面动量感热和潜热通量, 其年平均值分别为3.4 ×10 -2 和1.8×10 -2 N/m 2 , 73.1 和67.2 W/m 2 , 15.4 和2.9 W/m 2 . 最后用合成分析法得出上述地面3 通量的日变化和季节变化特征, 并讨论了地面对大气的热量输送与高原季风及雨季的对应关系.

2003

0.0

2.779

Guoping

, Duan

Tingyang

, Wu

Guifen.

The intersity of surface heat source and surface heat balance on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(1): 13-18.

[李国平, 段廷扬, 吴贵芬. 青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡. 地理科学, 2003, 23(1): 13-18. ]

On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from November 1997 to October 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Grz and Shiquanhe on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the bulk transfer coefficients each day are computed by the profile-flux method, and surface fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat each day are further estimated by the bulk formulas. The results show that the surface on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is a heat source during this period whether in summer or in winter, the intensity of this heat source exhibits an obvious seasonal variation, yearly means of intensity of this heat source at the two stations are 82.5W/m 2 and 8.2W/m 2 , respectively. The surface heat balance is discussed by involving the observational data of radiation and soil heat transfer, and the closed test of the surface heat balance equation is made.

1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041; 2. Taiyuan Aviation Instruments Limited Company, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006

以1997年11月至1998年10月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的近地层梯度资料,采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数,进而用总体公式得出两站逐日的地面感热和潜热通量。结果表明:在此观测期内青藏高原西部不论冬夏地面皆为热源,地面热源强度具有明显的季节变化,两站地面热源强度的年平均值分别为82.5W/m 2 和68.2W/m 2 。结合辐射和土壤热通量观测资料揭示了两站的地面热量平衡状况,用地面热量平衡方程对以上结果进行了闭合误差检验。

... 1 地面加热场季节变化整体而言,与高原北部和西部一致^{[18, 24, 26]},双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本皆为正 ...

... 双湖地区地表能量分配特点与高原西部狮泉河、改则^[18]及高原北部那曲^[43]、五道梁^[44]相似,年平均上都是以感热交换为主,然而双湖地区潜热所占比重大于高原西部的改则和狮泉河地区,小于高原北部那曲地区 ...

2006

0.0

1.388

Zhong

Lei

, Ma

Yaoming

, Su

Zhongbo

et al. Atmospheric turbulence and land -atmosphere energy transfer characteristics in the surface layer of the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma area. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(12): 1293-1303.

[仲雷, 马耀明, 苏中波等. 珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流与地气能量交换特征. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(12): 1293-1303. ]

Based on the turbulent data collected at Quzong site, on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, from April 2005 to March 2006, macro-scale turbulent statistical characteristics and land-atmosphere energy transfer before and after the onset of southwest monsoon were acquired by the eddy correlation method. It was found that Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is applicable for Mt. Qomolangma area. The relationship between normalized wind speed standard deviation and atmospheric stability, variances of normalized temperature and humidity standard deviation with atmospheric stability were simulated in the study. It was also found that energy balance components (net radiation flux, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and soil heat flux) and surface heating filed had evident diurnal and seasonal changes. Especially under the influence of southwest monsoon, the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux in Quzong area have evident opposite changing trends. The variation characteristics of other surface parameters (surface reflectance and Bowen ratio) is very clear before and after the breakout of southwest monsoon.

1.Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; 3.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 4.International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede 7500, The Netherlands

利用珠峰北坡曲宗地区连续一年的大气观测资料（2005年4月至2006年3月），分析了珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流宏观统计特征和西南季风爆发前后地气能量交换特征。研究表明在珠峰北坡地区Monin-Obukhov相似定律同样适用。拟合得到了珠峰北坡曲宗地区近地层无因次风速分量方差以及温度和湿度归一化标准差和静力学稳定度的函数关系。研究得出曲宗地区能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量）以及地面加热场具有明显的季节变化和日变化规律。尤其是在西南季风的影响下，曲宗地区感热通量和潜热通量在季风爆发前后具有明显相反的变化趋势。其它特征参数（波文比和地表反射率）在西南季风爆发前后的变化规律也十分明显。

2007

0.0

1.948

Zhong

Lei

, Ma

Yaoming

, Li

Maoshan.

An analysis of atmosphere turbulence and energy transfer characteristics of surface layer over Rongbu Valley in Mt. Qomolangma area.

Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 31(1): 48-57.

[仲雷, 马耀明, 李茂善. 珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷近地层大气湍流及能量输送特征分析. 大气科学, 2007, 31(1): 48-57. ]

利用中国科学院2005年珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间 (4月2日至6月7日) 收集的大气观测资料, 分析了珠峰绒布河谷近地层水平风速、温度、湍流强度、湍流通量日变化及地表能量平衡特征.通过分析得出近地层三维风速方差与稳定度的关系基本满足1/3次方规律; 珠峰绒布河谷近地层大气水平风速、温度、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量均存在明显的日变化; 地表获得的能量很大一部分以感热形式散失掉了, 潜热所占比重很小.另外, 还发现绒布河谷地区地表能量通量各分量并不满足能量平衡方程Rn=Hs+Le+G.通过对地面加热场的分析发现珠峰地表白天是强热源, 晚上转变为弱冷源.

2011

0.8

0.0

2013

3.587

0.0

Chen

Xuelong

, Su

Zhongbo

, Ma

Yaoming

et al. Estimation of surface energy fluxes under complex terrain of Mt. Qomolangma over the Tibetan Plateau. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2013, 17(4): 1607-1618.

Surface solar radiation is an important parameter in surface energy balance models and in estimation of evapotranspiration. This study developed a DEM based radiation model to estimate instantaneous clear sky solar radiation for surface energy balance system to obtain accurate energy absorbed by the mountain surface. Efforts to improve spatial accuracy of satellite based surface energy budget in mountainous regions were made in this work. Based on eight scenes of Landsat TM/ETM+ (Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper+) data and observations around the Qomolangma region of the Tibetan Plateau, the topographical enhanced surface energy balance system (TESEBS) was tested for deriving net radiation, ground heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux distributions over the heterogeneous land surface. The land surface energy fluxes over the study area showed a wide range in accordance with the surface features and their thermodynamic states. The model was validated by observations at QOMS/CAS site in the research area with a reasonable accuracy. The mean bias of net radiation, sensible heat flux, ground heat flux and latent heat flux is lower than 23.6 W m(-2). The surface solar radiation estimated by the DEM based radiation model developed by this study has a mean bias as low as -9.6 W m(-2). TESEBS has a decreased mean bias of about 5.9 W m(-2) and 3.4 W m(-2) for sensible heat and latent heat flux, respectively, compared to the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS).

Su, Z. 1 ;Chen, X. 1,2 ;Ma, Y. 2 ;Yang, K. 2 ;Wang, B. 2 ;

1984

0.0

1985

0.0

1.688

... 1 地面加热场季节变化整体而言,与高原北部和西部一致^{[18, 24, 26]},双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本皆为正 ...

1997

0.0

1.688

2001

0.0

1.688

Guoliang

, Shi

Xinghe

, Gao

Wuxiang.

The variation of surface field over northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its effect on climate.

Plateau Meteorology, 2001, 20(3): 239-244.

[季国良, 时兴和, 高务祥. 藏北高原地面加热场的变化及其对气候的影响. 高原气象, 2001, 20(3): 239-244. ]

利用1994—1996年在藏北高原五道梁所观测得到的地面能量收支资料，结合同期的大气环流进行了分析研究。结果表明：高原北部地面加热场强度的变化与高原西部相似，而与高原主体东半部的变化相反；冬季前期11月的地面积雪过程对决定整个冬季地面加热场的性质具有重要的意义；高原冬季地面热状况的异常，引起夏季加热场的异常，这可能是造成大气环流异常的原因之一，从而影响我国的气候环境，因此对高原地面加热场的监测可以为短期气候预测提供依据。

... 1 地面加热场季节变化整体而言,与高原北部和西部一致^{[18, 24, 26]},双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本皆为正 ...

1999

0.0

2006

0.0

1.688

Yaoming

, Yao

Tand ong

, Wang

Jiemin.

Experimental study of energy and water cycle in Tibetan Plateau: The progress introduction on the study of GAME/ Tibet and CAMP/ Tibet.

Plateau Meteorology, 2006, 25(2): 344-351.

[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 王介民. 青藏高原能量和水循环试验研究: GAME/Tibet与CAMP/Tibet研究进展. 高原气象, 2006, 25(2): 344-351. ]

"全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究"(GAME/Tibet)和"全球协调加强观测计划(CEOP)亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究"(CAMP/Tibet)的加强期观测和长期观测已经进行了8年多, 并取得了大量的珍贵资料和一系列研究成果.本文首先介绍了GAME/Tibet 和CAMP/Tibet 试验的科学目标、研究内容、试验区概况、仪器设置、观测时间及资料采集的情况, 然后介绍了这两个试验在地气相互作用的观测研究、观测与卫星遥感资料相结合估算区域陆面过程参数和对青藏高原陆面过程的数值模拟及藏北高原降水的时空变化等方面的研究进展, 同时指出了目前试验研究中所存在的问题并提出了解决问题的途经.

2006

0.0

1.388

Yaoming

, Yao

Tand ong

, Wang

Jiemin

et al. The study on the land surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous land scape of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(12): 1215-1223.

[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 王介民等. 青藏高原复杂地表能量通量研究. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(12): 1215-1223. ]

The exchange of heat fluxes between land surface and atmosphere over the Tibetan plateau area plays an important role in the Asian monsoon system, which in turn is a major component of both the energy and water cycles of the global climate system. It was also regarded as the main task in the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment on the Tibetan plateau (GAME/Tibet, 1996-2000) and CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan plateau (CAMP/Tibet, 2001-2006). Firstly, the field experiments of the GAME/Tibet and the CAMP/Tibet are introduced and some results on the local energy partitioning (the diurnal variations and intermonthly variations of radiation energy budget and land surface energy budget) are presented in this study. The study of the regional distribution of land surface heat fluxes of paramount importance over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau is also one of the main scientific objectives of the GAME/Tibet and the CAMP/Tibet. Therefore, the regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) are also presented here by combining five Landsat-7 ETM images with the field observations. The derived results were validated by using the “ground truth”, and it shows that the derived regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of land surface heat fluxes are reasonable. In order to upscale the land surface heat fluxes to the whole Tibetan Plateau area, the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is establishing a monitoring and Research Platform (MORP) for land surface and atmospheric processes on the Tibetan plateau. The establishing and monitoring plan of longterm scale (5-10 years) of the MORP, three new comprehensive observation and study stations (Mt. Qomolangma?Mt. Everest, Nam Cuo and Linzhi) and the up-scaling way were also introduced in this paper.

1.Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; 2.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 3.Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Japan; 4.Istituto Per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, CNR, Naples, Italy; 5. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands

“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究”（GAME/Tibet）和“全球协调加强观测计划（CEOP）亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”（CAMP/Tibet）的加强期观测和长期观测已经进行了9年多,并且已取得了大量的珍贵资料。首先介绍了GAME/Tibet 和CAMP/Tibet 试验的情况,并利用观测资料给出了局地能量分布（日变化和月际变化）特征。复杂地表区域能量通量研究是青藏高原地气相互作用研究中的重中之重。卫星遥感的应用成为解决这一问题，即实现GAME/Tibet和CAMP/Tibet试验主要初衷的必不可少的手段。利用卫星遥感观测（Landsat-7 ETM）资料结合地面观测的方法,计算得到了相关地区非均匀地表区域上的地表温度、地表反射率、标准化差值植被指数(NDVI)、校准的调整土壤植被指数（MSAVI）、植被覆盖度和叶面指数(LAI)及能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、土壤热通量、感热和潜热通量）的分布图像，所得结果基本可信。为了得到整个青藏高原复杂地表的热通量分布，中国科学院青藏高原研究所正在与其他研究单位一起建立青藏高原地表和大气过程监测系统（MORP）。最后介绍了该监测计划和已建立的3个综合观测研究站及如何利用建立的台站把站点观测的热通量推广到整个青藏高原的途径。

2009

0.0

1.388

Yaoming

, Yao

Tand ong

, Hu

Zeyong

et al. The cooperative study on energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(11): 1280-1284.

[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 胡泽勇等. 青藏高原能量与水循环国际合作研究的进展与展望. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(11): 1280-1284. ]

The processes of energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau have shown that the giant prominence exerts thermal effects on the atmosphere, thus greatly influencing atmospheric circulations over China, Asia and even the globle. Focusing on this issue, the intensive observation period (IOP) and long-term observation of the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment on the Tibetan Plateau ( GAME/Tibet ) and CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP/ Tibet ) have been carried out successfully from the beginning of 1996 under the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), the China Meteorological Administration(CMA) and the Japanese government etc. A large number of data has been collected, which is the best data set so far for the study of energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau. Great progress has been made in the study of energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau through the in-situ data analysis, satellite remote sensing parameterization and the numerical modeling, etc. The progresses of the study of energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and the role of the international cooperation in the projects will be introduced in detail. The role of the international cooperation in getting the research found from abroad and in training young scientists and students is also mentioned. The existing problems in the international cooperation and the solving ways are presented in the paper at the same time.

1.Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China;  2.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou730000, China

青藏高原能量与水循环过程对我国、东亚乃至全球的天气和气候系统都有着非常重要的作用。1996年以来，在国家自然科学基金委员会、中国科学院、中国气象局等相关部门和日本政府的大力支持下，我们针对青藏高原能量和水循环过程的重要性，成功地开展了青藏高原尺度和藏北地区中尺度的“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究”(GAME/Tibet)项目和“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验研究”(CAMP/Tibet)项目近10余年的连续观测，取得了以往高原试验从未有过的大量极其珍贵的综合观测资料。而且在利用试验资料分析、卫星遥感及数值模拟等手段研究青藏高原能量与水循环方面取得大量的阶段性成果。介绍了青藏高原能量与水循环的研究进展及国际合作在项目执行过程中所起到的作用，同时介绍国际合作在吸纳境外研究资源及培养青年科技人才中所起的作用。最后提出了国际合作中存在的问题，并给出了相关的建议。

2012

1.338

0.9244

Duan

Anmin

, Wu

Guoxiong

, Liu

Yimin

et al. Weather and climate effects of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 29(5): 978-992.

Progress in observation experiments and studies concerning the effects of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on weather and climate during the last 5 years are reviewed. The mesoscale topography over the TP plays an important role in generating and enhancing mesoscale disturbances. These disturbances increase the surface sensible heat (SH) flux over the TP and propagate eastward to enhance convection and precipitation in the valley of Yangtze River. Some new evidence from both observations and numerical simulations shows that the southwesterly flow, which lies on the southeastern flank of the TP, is highly correlated with the SH of the southeastern TP in seasonal and interannual variability. The mechanical and thermal forcing of the TP is an important climatic cause of the spring persistent rains over southeastern China. Moreover, the thermodynamic processes over the TP can influence the atmospheric circulation and climate over North America and Europe by stimulating the large-scale teleconnections such as the Asian-Pacific oscillation and can affect the atmospheric circulation over the southern Indian Ocean. Estimating the trend in the atmospheric heat source over the TP shows that, in contrast to the strong surface and troposphere warming, the SH over the TP has undergone a significant decreasing trend since the mid-1980s. Despite the fact that {\it in situ} latent heating presents a weak increasing trend, the springtime atmospheric heat source over the TP is losing its strength. This gives rise to reduced precipitation along the southern and eastern slopes of the TP and to increased rainfall over northeastern India and the Bay of Bengal.

State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029;State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029;State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029;Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085;National Meteorological Information Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100084

1979

0.0

2.937

... C^[32,33] ...

2008

0.0

2.123

Wang

Jingsheng

, Zhang

Xianzhou

, Zhao

Yuping

et al. Spatio-temporal pattern of climate changes in northern Tibet's Qiangtang Plateau. Resources Science, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859.

[王景升, 张宪洲, 赵玉萍等. 藏北羌塘高原气候变化的时空格局. 资源科学, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859. ]

The Northern Tibet Plateau is at the center of the Qing-Tibet Plateau, and is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. In this study, we calculated the potential evapotranspiration rate ( PER ) and radiation dryness index ( RDI ) using an analysis of daily meteorological data from 1955～2004 from 8 meteorological stations located in the Northern Tibet Plateau. Then we analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of climate change and Net Primary Productivity ( NPP ) of vegetation in the study area, which was determined using a vegetation-climate model. Results show that in the eastern part of our study area, annual mean temperature and annual precipitation decreased gradually from south to north, in accordance with an increase in elevation. Temperature might be the key constraint on NPP in this region. From east to west, annual precipitation decreased, and PER and RDI increased. Thus, it was increasingly dry from east to west. The spatial patterns of other meteorological factors showed complexity, and these may be affected by topography, vegetation and many other factors. During the period of 1955～2004, the climate became warmer, with an annual mean temperature increase of 1.4℃ in the Northern Tibet Plateau. In the central and eastern regions, there was an increase of 75～115mm in annual precipitation, but no significant increase in the western part. The number of days with a daily mean temperature higher than 0℃ increased by 11～20 days yearly, and PER and RDI increased in the western part with no significant changes in the central and eastern part. Additionally, hydrosphere pressure increased, but cloudiness and wind speed decreased after 1980. Overall, there was a wetter climate in the eastern part and a drier climate in the western part of the study area. From 1955 to 2004, the seasonal pattern of warming and trend of annual precipitation increase is as follows. From spring to winter, the seasonal mean temperature increased by 1.25℃, 0.8 ℃, 1.6℃, and 1.8℃ respectively. The seasonal precipitation in spring, summer, autumn and winter increased by 22 mm, 20 mm, 20 mm and 6.5 mm respectively. Due to the complexity of climate changes in the study area, the trends of NPP changes for the 8 meteorological stations were diverse. On a whole, NPP increased over the 50-year period. After the 1980s, the NPP of the eastern region increased, while NPP decreased in the western region. Climate change was still a direct cause of grassland degradation in the western region.

藏北的羌塘高原作为青藏高原的主体和核心，是对全球变化反应最敏感的区域之一。本文通过统计藏北高原仅有的8个气象站50年来温度、降水等资料，计算分析了 PER、RDI ，运用植被-气候综合模型计算分析了 NPP 的变化量，探讨了藏北气候空间格局和随时间变化的规律。结果表明：藏北东部由南向北地势升高，温度和降水呈减少趋势，温度可能是限制藏北东部生产力的主要因子；藏北地区由东向西，降水量迅速减少， PER 和 RDI 增加，气候渐趋干旱；其它气象因子变化复杂，与地形和植被等多种因素有关。1955年～2004年整个藏北地区温度增加趋势明显，平均增温幅度为1.4℃；降水量东部、中部增加75～115mm，西部无明显变化；>0℃日数增加11～20天； PER 和 RDI 西部增加，中部、东部无明显变化；1980年以来，水汽压普遍增加，云量和风速均呈减少趋势。藏北地区升温主要发生在秋、冬季，增温幅度分别为1.6℃、1.8℃，春、夏季温度增幅为1.25℃、0.8℃。降水增加以春、夏、秋季为主，春夏秋冬增量分别为22mm、20mm、20mm、6.5mm。气候变化复杂， NPP 整体上呈增加趋势，但空间格局上有差异，20世纪80年代以来，东部 NPP 增加，西部 NPP 减少，气候因素仍然是藏北西部草地退化的直接威胁。

... C^[32,33] ...

2013

0.0

0.95

Zhen

Jingyun

, Bian

Juanjuan

, Ge

Quansheng

et al. Climate regionalization in China during 1981-2013. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099.

[郑景云, 卞娟娟, 葛全胜等. 1981-2010年中国气候区划. 科学通报, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099. ]

The scheme of climate regionalization in China was conducted by the classification criteria of temperature zone, arid/humid region and climatic sub-region, and the variables used in the criteria were calculated as mean values of the 30 years by using the daily meteorological data of 658 stations from 1981 to 2010. In the classification criteria, the temperature zones were classified by the general guideline of the days with daily temperature steady above 10℃, and the secondary guideline of January mean temperature, or by their referenced variables including the accumulated temperature with daily temperature steady above 10℃ and annual minimum temperature, respectively. The arid/humid regions were classified by the annual aridity index and annual precipitation amount in turn. The climatic sub-regions were classified by the July mean temperature. The result shows that China can be divided into 12 temperature zones, 24 arid/humid regions and 56 climatic sub-regions. Compared with the climate regionalization scheme for the period of 1951- 1980, several boundaries of temperature zones in eastern China shifted northward in 1981-2010 due to the climate warming. The east part of the northern boundary of warm temperate zone shifted more than 1.0° at a maximum. On average, the east part of the northern boundary of north subtropical zone shifted 1.0°. The middle part of the northern boundary of mid-subtropical zone shifted 2.0° at a maximum. The west part of the northern boundary of south subtropical zone shifted 0.5°-2.0°. In West China, the shift of temperature zone was not significant in horizontal due to the vertical landform. However, the plateau sub-cold zone was shrunk while the plateau temperate zone was enlarged in the Tibetan Plateau. Because precipitation decreased in North China, southeastern part of Northeast China and eastern part of Northwest China, the boundary of the semi-arid and sub-humid region in Northern China shifted eastward and southward, and in which, the boundary between 36°-41°N shifted 0.5°-2.5°at longitude. Moreover, the climate in the most of arid regions and semi-arid regions in Hexi Corridor, Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau changed to be more humid.

1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; 2 National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China

根据我国658个站1981~2010年日气象观测数据, 以日平均气温稳定≥10℃的日数、年干燥度、7月平均气温为划分温度带、干湿区、气候区的主要指标, 以1月平均气温、年降水量为温度带、干湿区划分的辅助指标, 并参考日平均气温稳定≥10℃的积温及极端最低气温的多年平均值等指标, 对我国1981~2010年气候状况进行了区划, 将我国分为12个温度带、24个干湿区、56个气候区. 与1951~1980年相比, 受气候增暖影响, 1981~2010年间我国东部多个温度带界线出现了北移, 其中暖温带北界东段最大北移超过1个纬度, 北亚热带北界东段平均北移1个纬度, 中亚热带北界中段最大北移2个纬度, 南亚热带北界西段北移0.5~2.0个纬度; 西部因受地形影响, 温度带水平移动不显著, 但在青藏高原有亚寒带范围缩小、温带范围扩大趋势. 同时, 因华北、东北东南部、西北东部降水减少, 北方半干旱与半湿润分界线东移与南进, 其中36°~41°N间的移动幅度达0.5~2.5经度; 但西北的河西走廊、新疆及青藏高原的干旱区、半干旱区总体转湿.

... 而且该区降水稀少,蒸发力强,系典型亚高寒半干旱季风气候^[34] ...

... 17,属半干旱型气候,这与前人结果一致^{[34, 46]} ...

1988

0.0

... 区内土壤以高山亚高山草原土为主,土层一般在40 cm左右^[35] ...

1987

0.0

... 1 一般而言,在匀质下垫面、大气定常情况下,地表能量平衡方程可表示为^[36]： ...

... 3,符合半干旱区特征^[36] ...

1975

3.327

0.0

Thom A

, Stewart J

, Oliver H

Comparison of aero-dynamical and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest.

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975, 101: 93-105.

1 Department of Meteorology, University of Edinburgh 2 Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford

> Values of the total vertical flux of sensible and latent heat over a level forested region, obtained from aerodynamic (profile-gradient) formulae appropriate to airflow over relatively smooth surfaces, are found to fall consistently short of independent energy-balance estimates by a factor of 2 to 3 in unstable and near-neutral conditions (Richardson number, Ri , in the range −0·4 to +0·01), whereas for Ri > + 0·02 no similar discrepancy is detected. These results, based on tangents drawn to (semi-logarithmic) profiles at a height of about nine aerodynamic roughness parameters ( z 0 ) above the zero plane displacement level ( d ) of the forest, rely on the basic assumption that the value of d established in very nearly neutral conditions (| Ri |

... 03 m处观测的土壤热通量结果,感热通量Q_H、潜热通量Q_E可基于组合法^[37,38,39]进行计算： ...

1991

0.0

... 03 m处观测的土壤热通量结果,感热通量Q_H、潜热通量Q_E可基于组合法^[37,38,39]进行计算： ...

1992

0.0

1.688

... 03 m处观测的土壤热通量结果,感热通量Q_H、潜热通量Q_E可基于组合法^[37,38,39]进行计算： ...

2004

0.0

Zhang

Yinsheng

, Ohata

, Yang

Daqing

et al. Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Mongolia. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18: 2991-3005.

1 Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan 2 Institute for Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 3 Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks AK 99775-5860, USA 4 Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulan Bator, Mongolia * Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, 3171-25, Showa-cho, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan.

> Bias correction procedures derived from the World Meteorological Organization's solid precipitation measurement intercomparison dataset for the Tretyakov rain gauge were applied to 20 years of data from 31 meteorological stations in Mongolia. Daily corrections of precipitation biases from wind-induced undercatch, wetting loss, and evaporation loss were made. The bias (systematic error) from wind loss dominates at stations located in prairies and forests. Evaporation loss (caused by the evaporation of precipitation in the gauge before precipitation is measured) and wetting loss of precipitation both cause significant error in regions of low precipitation. Bias corrections suggest that gauge-measured annual precipitation was significantly underreported by 15·2 to 80·6 mm over the 20 years studied. Annual precipitation in Mongolia should be 17 to 42% higher than previously reported, particularly in forests and prairies. The correction factor (CF, corrected/gauge-measured precipitation) varies seasonally and is greater in winter and smaller in summer, primarily because of undercatch of snowfall due to winds. There is clear seasonal variation in the absolute value of the bias correction and in each individual component of the correction. The spatial variation in the absolute correction matches the spatial distribution of gauge-measured precipitation. The value of CF decreases as gauge-measured annual precipitation increases, because precipitation changes occurred mostly in summer. These results will be useful for hydrologic and climatic studies of mid-latitudes and arid/semi-arid regions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

... 式中,Pr为自动雨量计观测校正后的降水量^[40],E_p为潜在蒸发量 ...

2001

0.8

0.0

... 2 湿度度指数计算湿润度指数用于表示某一区域的干旱程度,其定义为^[41]： ...

... 1为干旱型^[41] ...

1948

0.0

... E_p计算公式为^[42]： ...

1982

0.799

0.363

2007

0.0

0.736

Ren

, Zhao

Lin

, Ding

Yongjian

, et al.

The features of each components in the surface heat balance equation over Wudaoliang, northern Tibetan Plateau.

Journal of Mountain Science, 2007, 25(6): 664-670.

[李韧, 赵林, 丁永建等. 青藏高原北部五道梁地表热量平衡方程中各分量特征. 山地学报, 2007, 25(6): 664-670. ]

利用青藏高原北部五道梁地区实测的太阳辐射及气象资料,计算分析了高原北部地面热量平衡方程中各分量特征,定义了一个无量纲参量土壤热平衡系数k.结果显示:五道梁地区地表净辐射及地面加热场强度表现为夏季大,冬季小,地表净辐射累年平均通量为65.5 W/m2;土壤热通量自1997年来有增大的趋势;土壤热平衡系数有增大的趋势,平均值为1.17;感热及潜热是地面热平衡方程中的大项,其中感热居首位,潜热居其次;暖季感热、潜热以相反的趋势变化,Bowen比β值有下降的趋势.

1986

0.0

1.301

Zeng

Qunzhu

, Xie

Yingqin.

A study on land evaporability and dry-wet state of Tibetan Plateau.

Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1986, 8(2): 131-143.

[曾群柱, 谢应钦. 青藏高原陆面可能蒸发量和干湿状况的研究. 冰川冻土, 1986, 8(2): 131-143. ]

Land evaporability, dry-wet balance and their distribution on the Plateau have been calculated and discussed by using H. L. Penman’s model. Based on observation data of Plateau and of more than 100. meterological stations in its close vicinity the paper gives the result of the study.1. The amount of annual land evaporability on the Plateau is 600-1400mm. It gradually increases from southeast to northwest. The high value regions, more than 1200 mm/year, are observed in the arid Qaidam, Tarim, Junggar basins and the Hexi Corridor; the second high, more than 1000mm/year, on the northern slope of the Himalaya and Yaluzangbujiang valley, i.e. Dingri, Xigaze, Lasa; and the low regions, less than 800mm/year, on the eastern periphery of the Plateau and the Sichuan basin.2. During the transitional period between the dry and wet seasons, i.e. in May, in the south of Tangula the weather is clear, the air dry, the sum of solar radiation strong, and the evaporation is more than 120mm/month, the maximum value in a year. In July the warm high pressure in the upper atmosphere and the ground hot low pressure form strong convection, and the warm and air flowing from the surounding low atmosphere layer converges upon the Plateau. The south-west monsoon flows from the lower reaches to the upstreams of Bulamputela river -Yaluzangbu river, the Nujiang river, the Lancang river etc., bringing abundant rainfall to the southern and southeastern parts of the Plateau, and lowering the evaporation month by month south of the Tanggula Mts. However, on the north slope of the Tanggula Mts. where the influence of southwest monsoon is difficult to reach, the evaporation is more than 230mm/month,the maximum in a year.The land evaporation in winter on whole Plateau surface is negligible, and it decreases from 30mm/month to 1 mm/month from south to north.3. The state of the dry-wet balance on the Plateau is influenced by the factors of radiation balance, precipitation, evaporation, etc.. The zero line of the dry-wet annual balance starts in the east on the southern slope of the Qingling and Bashan Mountains, running towards the west, along the southern border of the Gansu and Qinghai, crossing the Hengduan Mountains, entering into Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, through Suoxian, Jiali, Linzhi and further westward and finally along the southern slope of the Himalaya Mts. leaving the territory of China. In the western section of this line the evaporation is higher than the precipitation, and the annual deficit is over 500 mm. The most arid is located in the centre of the arid region, i.e. in the Qaidam, Tarim and Junggar basins, where the shortage of water is over 1000mm/year.. 1. In the south Tanggula Mts., the evaporation is greatest in May, and the shortage of water is 5(1-150mm/month. On the northern slope of Tanggula Mts. and in the arid regions of Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai the most shortage of water is in July, more tha 150mm month. On the eastern side of the Plateau the remaining water of abundant precipitation is highest in July in a year, reaching 100-150mm, month in the central region (the west Sichuan basin).

Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, Academia Sinica

本文根据青藏高原及邻近地区100多个气象台站的观测资料和作者对高原辐射平衡的研究结果,应用H.L.彭曼模式,计算并讨论了高原陆面可能蒸发量、干湿平衡及其分布状况。

... 4 干湿状况一个地区干湿状况是该地区水热平衡的产物,又是表征当地气候状况的重要指标^[45] ...

1996

0.0

... 17,属半干旱型气候,这与前人结果一致^{[34, 46]} ...