王学军
, 李本纲, 李金玲
北京大学城市与环境学院 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
WANG Xuejun, LI Bengang, LI Jinling
收稿日期: 2017-10-20
修回日期: 2017-11-2
网络出版日期: 2017-11-20
版权声明: 2017 《地理学报》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献，在以下情况下可以自由使用：学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等，但不允许用于商业目的.
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介：王学军(1964-), 男, 辽宁阜新人, 博士, 教授, 研究方向为环境地理学。E-mail: xjwang@urban.pku.edu.cn
展开
摘要
北京大学的环境地理学研究承载于城市与环境学院的环境学系,其前身为北京大学地理系自然地理学专业环境教研室。65年来北京大学的环境地理学研究从传统的自然地理学,到将化学与地理学相结合的化学地理学,再到有地学环保性质的环境地理学,研究领域不断扩大,研究内容不断深入。目前,环境学系依托地理学二级学科环境地理学,在全球或区域环境中有毒污染物的区域环境过程、污染物的生物地球化学循环和界面间的迁移转化、污染物的环境毒理效应及其生态和健康风险等领域取得了一系列具有国际显示度的创新成果,研究水平处于国内这一领域的领先位置,各研究团队还将基础研究和应用研究紧密结合,围绕环境领域的热点问题,开展了一系列面向国家重大需求的应用型研究和咨询工作,为保护生态环境以及实现经济社会可持续发展发挥了重要作用,也为国家培养了大量高水平学术型和实用型人才。未来北京大学环境地理学科将从科学创新和面向国家重大需求两个角度出发,以培养高水平人才为核心,争取在多方面逐步取得较大突破。
关键词：
Abstract
The environmental geography research at Peking University has been conducted in the College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, with the support of Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes Analysis and Simulation. They grew out of the Environmental Research Section of Physical Geographical Specialty of the Department of Geography at Peking University. In 65 years of geographical research at Peking University, environmental geography research was initiated from traditional physical geography, and developed into chemical geography and environmental geography gradually in the 1970s, due to the emerging environmental pollution and ecological degradation issues in this period. Since then, the research areas have been widened gradually. Nowadays, relying on the discipline of environmental geography, one of the branches of geography, researchers in the Department of Environment Sciences have made creative achievements in the fields such as regional environmental processes of toxic pollutants, biogeochemical cycling and interface migration of pollutants, toxicological effects of pollutants and their ecological and health risks. Now, their research holds a leading position in China. In addition, this department carried out a number of applied studies and consulting studies on environmental hotspots of China, such as environmental policy making, environmental and resource law drafting, and contaminated land remediation. Their studies have played significant roles in environmental protection, ecological conservation and sustainable development of the country. In the last decades, we have fostered many high-level professional talents, who have made remarkable achievements after their graduation. In the future, the environmental geography research team at Peking University will continue its efforts in scientific research and personnel training, especially in providing comprehensive solutions for regional environmental governance, as well as for some key environmental problems related to air pollution and soil pollution, so as to meet the needs of the country.
Keywords：
工业革命以来地球表层系统发生了急剧变化,人地关系日益尖锐,环境问题不断演化。地理学以人—地系统作为研究对象,把特定区域的人与地理环境作为一个整体来考虑,研究地理环境对人的影响和人对地理环境的适应、利用、改造。因此,地理学在解决人类所面临的环境问题方面可以发挥重要的作用。正是在这个基础上,环境地理学成为一门新兴的学科,在全球逐步发展壮大。它发挥地理学研究方法的特长,同时吸收化学、生命科学、医学、物理学、数学、经济学等学科的方法,在理论和实践上为实现区域可持续发展发挥着重要作用。
北京大学地理系是国内最早研究环境问题的单位之一。1952年陈静生教授随着高校院系调整从清华大学转入北京大学,并于1954年在《地理学报》上发表文章,呼吁提高中国自然地理学的自然科学水平,以深化对自然地理现象和过程的认识,建议地理学从相邻学科吸取营养,对重要的自然地理过程和问题进行学科交叉性研究[1]。此后陈静生教授参加了中苏联合新疆综合考察研究,独自和合作翻译出版了多本苏联自然地理学和景观地球化学方面的著作,撰文介绍了苏联自然地理学的学术动向,特别是介绍了苏联土壤和风化壳地球化学方面的研究进展[2],促进了自然地理学的一个新兴分支学科“化学地理学”在中国的诞生和发展。
20世纪70年代初,中国长期积累的环境问题开始显现,为了能够更好的研究和解决面临的环境问题,北京大学于1973年在地质地理系设立了国内第一个地学环保教学单位——环境地理学教研室。陈静生作为创建人之一,率先开设了“环境地球化学”和“水环境化学”等新课程,他编著的教材《水环境化学》和《环境地球化学》教材在大陆和台湾两地出版[3]。在陈静生教授的带领下,北京大学环境地理学的教研团队将地理学和地球化学理论及方法应用于环境污染控制研究,并于20世纪70-80年代期间,同其他科研机构一起开展了北京西郊和东南郊污染调查研究[4-6]。这是中国较大规模区域环境研究工作的开端,在这些调查研究中,陈静生教授等探究了土壤和水体沉积物中元素及化合物的分布,研究了重金属类污染物在水、土环境中的行为和影响,为后续对中国河流泥沙对水质的影响研究、水体重金属污染防治研究、地下水污染防治研究等提供了知识积累及技术支持[7-8]。
“七五”期间,北京大学环境地理学科与其它科研机构共同承担了国家重点科技攻关课题——中国土壤环境背景值研究。此次研究在全国30个省市（除台湾省外）和5个沿海开放城市布设了4095个土壤采样点,共采集了12000个样品,测试了61种元素,获得准确、可比的土壤测试数据40万个,建立了中国土壤环境背景值数据库以及中国土壤样品库[9]。陈静生教授率领的北京大学团队在此次研究的基础上对多种重金属、一些重点区域开展了更为深入的研究,同时应用土壤地理、环境地球化学原理和多种数学方法, 阐明了中国土壤元素大、中尺度的区域分异规律,深入探讨了土壤元素的组合关系及影响土壤背景值的主导因素,这些调查研究推进和深化了成土因素对土壤背景值影响的 认识[10-12]。
65年来,随着时代的发展和需求的变化,北京大学环境地理学科的研究工作从地学性质明显的自然地理学,到将化学与地理学相结合的化学地理学,再到有地学环保性质的环境地理学,研究领域不断拓展,研究内容不断深入。从研究的物质种类看,早期侧重于重金属的研究,近年来更侧重持久性有机污染物的研究,也拓展到内分泌干扰物等;从研究的环境介质看,早期侧重于土壤和水体,后期增加了大气领域的研究,特别是更广泛地开展了多介质环境过程研究;从研究工作所涉及的学科看,早期的研究工作仍在地理学范畴之内,后期增加了与地理学相关的地球化学和化学手段,近年来又增加了环境生物学、毒理学、环境工程学等手段。为了更好的面向国家需求和服务社会,学术研究工作与政策和管理的结合也在不断强化。目前北京大学环境地理学科的各个研究团队承担着大量国家自然科学基金项目、科技专项项目、部委项目、国际合作项目等。研究工作贯穿了污染物的产生、在多介质环境中的迁移和转化、对生态系统和人体健康的影响,以及相应的政策措施和技术标准的全过程。
在学校和学院的大力支持下,北京大学环境地理学科师资队伍不断扩大,已经形成了一个高水平的研究团队。现有教职人员21人,其中教授7人、副教授3名、工程师5名,其中包括中国科学院院士1名,千人计划学者1名,教育部长江学者奖励计划特聘教授3名,国家杰出青年基金获得者6名,国家优秀青年基金获得者3名。
几十年来,北京大学环境地理学科的科研工作也获得了多项奖励,曾先后获得国家自然科学二等奖2次、国家科技进步二等奖1次、教育部自然科学一等奖1次,以及其他多项部级以上各种奖项。进入21世纪以来,北京大学环境地理学科很多研究工作都取得了高水平成果,并发表在包括Nature（1篇）、PNAS（3篇）等重要学术刊物上,在国际学术界产生了重要影响。
通过长期的发展,北京大学环境地理学科逐步确定了学科的总体定位,即：针对国家在资源保护利用、生态文明建设和环境保护等方面的重大需求,聚焦于不同尺度的空间区域,从地表物理过程、环境化学过程、生物过程及其相互作用着手,开展环境问题研究,建成国内外有重要影响的环境地理学科学研究、人才培养和学术交流基地。近年来,根据这一总体定位的要求,环境地理学科取得了长足进展,不但为国家培养了大量人才,在科学创新以及解决国家重大环境问题方面也取得了显著成绩,一些研究成果达到了国际一流水平。
污染物的区域环境过程是环境地理学研究的核心,北京大学环境地理学科针对各类热点环境问题,充分考虑区域自然和人文地理特征的不同,开展了一系列污染物区域 环境过程与模拟研究,如区域和全球尺度的污染物排放和分布格局、迁移和归趋定量 模拟等。
早期陈静生教授带领北大环境地理学科教师将地理学和地球化学理论及方法应用于水、土污染物环境过程研究,先后进行了中国土壤元素背景值调查研究、中国河流水质与沉积物质量研究、水体重金属污染防治研究、地下水污染防治研究等,识别了中国土壤和水体沉积物中元素及化合物的分布情况、重金属类污染物在水、土环境中的行为和影响、中国大河（长江、黄河、松花江等）水质与区域自然条件的关系和20世纪后半叶在人类活动影响下的变化等,发表了大量文章和专著,为中国环境地理学科后续的区域环境过程与模拟研究奠定了基础[13-18]。
很长一个时期里,由于缺乏相关的研究,关于中国环境中微量有毒污染物的污染程度、发展趋势、影响途径和危害状况等知之甚少,这种状况给采取合理的管理措施（如制定法规和标准）和工程措施（如发展污染控制和修复技术）造成严重困难。为此,加强微量有毒污染物的应用基础研究以及区域特征研究具有重要意义和应用前景。陶澍院士等科研团队先后开展了深圳土壤微量元素含量成因研究、山地土壤表层水溶性有机物淋溶动力学模拟研究、中国北方多环芳烃的空间格局和区域环境过程的经向变异研究、环渤海西部地区多环芳烃的区域环境过程研究、中国东部地区典型半挥发持久性有机污染物的来源、归趋、人群暴露及健康风险研究、纳米颗粒的环境过程和影响研究等[19-23]。近期,陶澍院士等科研团队还结合中国当前的环境问题热点,开展了基于排放—健康—社会经济关系综合分析的华北地区大气污染研究[24-27]。在污染物区域环境归趋研究中,各研究团队建立了具有空间分辨率的多介质模型,阐明了决定土壤中持久性有机污染物空间分异的主要机理,建立了多环芳烃从产生、迁移、暴露到健康危害的系统模拟方法,揭示了有机氯农药摄入量与人体组织残留水平之间的定量关系,识别了多环芳烃呼吸暴露对中国人群的健康危害,将基因易感性等参数的变异特征引入风险模型,定量阐明了健康风险的变异和不确定性[28-30]。
李本纲教授课题组利用国际科学界认可的全球排放数据、过程模型和贡献区分技术方法,结合逐因子全过程不确定性分析,首次全面而客观地评估了中国对全球气候变化的贡献及其时间变化趋势。该研究以中国为研究区域,时间跨度长（1750-）,且涵盖目前已知的所有气候胁迫因子,在解决长期以来困扰政府决策及科学界认识的“中国贡献”问题方面获得了新的认识,在方法集成及降低不确定性方面具有明显创新性。该研究指出,中国目前正逐步实施的空气质量控制措施会减少大气气溶胶的排放,因此将降低负辐射强迫,并可能增加中国排放对全球气候变化的贡献比例。该成果对全球气候变化的区域责任分担研究具有重要的科学意义,可为国家决策部门制定应对气候变化策略、推动污染物减排及开展环境外交等提供重要科学依据[31]。
近期,为了更加准确的掌握污染物的排放迁移过程以及相应的环境健康效应,陶澍院士率领的科研团队对全球高分辨率黑炭排放、东亚大陆多环芳烃排放、输出与长距离输送潜力等进行了深入的研究。在全球高分辨率黑炭排放清单建立和暴露估算方面,发展了洲际尺度插值方法,建立了具有不确定性信息的全球高分辨燃烧源清单,如CO2、黑炭和多环芳烃的排放清单。利用该清单和大气传输模型,模拟了全球大气黑炭浓度的空间分布,并完成了全球人群呼吸暴露评估。结果表明,模拟值和全球已有观测值的符合程度远高于以往模拟结果,并且发现全球大气传输模拟中常用的空间分辨率会导致对呼吸暴露的显著低估[32-33]。在多环芳烃呼吸暴露诱发的肺癌风险评估方面,运用大气传输—多介质交换耦合模型在全国尺度上模拟了多环芳烃的大气输送规律,估算了中国人群的室外大气多环芳烃呼吸暴露量,评估了中国人群多环芳烃呼吸暴露诱发的肺癌风险[34]。
近年来中国快速城市化导致的人口迁移备受关注。大规模人口迁移改变了污染物排放和呼吸暴露特征及空间分布,但尚未有关于其对空气质量影响的定量评估。陶澍院士课题组与法国和美国相关机构研究者合作,完成了近30年人口分布变化高分辨率空间量化,结合研究组开发的PKU系列高分辨排放清单,定量分析了城市化过程中移民家庭直接能源结构转型对空气质量及健康的有利影响。研究发现,农村居民移居城市后能源结构发生根本性变化,基本摆脱了生物质燃料,降低了各类生活源大气污染物的排放。在绝大多数城市,其作用超过人口聚集带来的负面效应,因此有利于改善空气质量。据估算,这一过程导致全国平均PM2.5暴露浓度下降4 μg/m3,相当于30年间减少45万人口过早死亡。与此同时,由于人口高度聚集,北京和广州等超大城市暴露水平略有上升[35]。
随着人类对环境污染认识的不断深入,学术界更加关注污染物对生态系统和人类健康的影响。为了能够识别污染物对机体可能发生的生物效应、作用机理及早期损害的检测指标,北京大学环境地理学科开展了大量的有毒化学物质的环境行为研究、生态毒理研究及风险评价研究等。
胡建英教授带领的研究团队针对复杂环境介质中微量有害化学物质如内分泌干扰物质、医药品和个人护理品、农药和典型持久性有机物质等开展了大量研究,开发了以铅和二噁英为主的健康风险评价系统软件,针对不同的环境物质开发了多种化学物质的检测方法,并通过暴露实验的生物测试,研究不同物质在环境介质中的行为及影响,还采用生物监测法与仪器检测法相结合的方式寻找环境中未知的风险物质[36-41]。
胡建英课题组自2000年开始就系统展开了典型环境污染物的低浓度、长期、复合暴露下的生态毒理效应及其毒理机制研究,发现环境浓度下三苯基锡显著抑制鱼类性腺发育,子代出现严重胚胎出血、骨骼畸形和眼睛变小甚至缺失的现象,并阐明了该效应的分子毒理机制。以长江溯河洄游的国家珍稀动物野生中华鲟为对象开展了三苯基锡的生态效应研究,发现长江野生中华鲟幼鱼中出现了严重的畸形现象;利用鱼卵显微注射证明三苯基锡是导致长江野生中华鲟畸变的主要物质。建立了环境污染与生态效应之间的直接联系,为中国中华鲟保护提供了一个新的视角和思路[42]。
内分泌干扰物质能导致动物繁殖发育异常,是导致生物多样性锐减和物种灭绝的重要因素。胡建英教授及其他课题组结合高灵敏度、高特异性环境监测方法和毒理学评价方法,揭示了生物降解是城市污水厂有效削减各类类固醇激素含量的主要机理,首次揭示了糖皮质激素类内分泌干扰物的环境污染问题,发现了氯消毒过程中双酚A形成雌激素活性更强的氯代双酚A,而且广泛存在于中国饮用水中[43-47]。
富营养化水体中青蛙畸形普遍发生的成因解析是国际前沿和难点。胡建英教授课题组自2005年开始通过建立高灵敏的维甲酸类物质分析方法,系统调查了中国饮用水水源地以及太湖和辽东湾等中国主要水系,发现该物质在富营养化水体中具有较高浓度,首次证明了低等生物蓝藻水华能够产生高浓度脊椎生物特有的维甲酸类物质[48]。
该研究团队还早在2009年开始,就通过大量的暴露实验,对正常商业渠道购买的“无双酚A”水杯的安全性进行了研究,在水杯中首次检出了双酚芴,研究发现该物质具有强抗雌激素活性,可造成小鼠生殖发育损失,引起不良妊娠,而且在习惯使用塑料水瓶盛装热水的大学毕业生血清样品中检出了双酚芴,应重视人群,尤其是孕妇和儿童对该物质的暴露风险。目前虽然一些国家会筛查化学物质的雌激素活性,但抗雌激素性并不在常规筛查项目之列而忽视风险,未来有必要强化化学物质替代的科学研究[49]。
学术研究要紧紧围绕国家的重大需求来开展,北京大学环境地理学科的基础研究和应用研究紧密结合,围绕环境领域的热点问题,如大气和水土环境问题、重金属和持久性有毒污染物等,形成了一些实力较强的研究团队,开展了一系列面向国家重大需求的研究和咨询工作,为保护环境以及实现经济可持续发展发挥了重要作用。
早在20世纪90年代,陈静生教授等通过中国土壤元素背景值调查研究,提供了中国部分土壤中61种元素的含量水平资料,深入探讨了土壤元素的地域分布规律,为《中国土壤环境质量标准》和中国《绿色食品土壤环境质量标准》的制定提供了基础和依据。近年来,一些教师对中国地表水体及地下水重金属等污染问题开展了大量的研究,为在实践中解决这些问题提供了重要的理论依据,加快了中国水体污染治理的步伐。京津冀地区复合型大气污染是当前关注的热点,陶澍院士等参与了由国家自然科学基金委和英国相关机构共同支持的中英北京地区大气污染国际合作研究项目（基于排放—健康—社会经济关系综合分析的北京地区大气污染治理方案研究）,这一项目集中了中英双方的力量,拟借鉴发达国家的经验,找到一条解决京津冀地区大气污染问题的有效途径。
环境治理离不开制度建设以及法律和政策措施的出台,王学军教授等根据国家的需求,发挥环境地理学科的多学科交叉优势,参与了国家环境保护、生态文明、节能减排、循环经济、清洁生产等领域的一系列立法、政策制定、规划制定等工作,包括参与起草了节能法、清洁生产促进法、循环经济促进法等多部相关法律,参与起草了多个国家级重要政策性文件,如《中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》等,参与制定了国家多个节能环保领域五年规划文件以及标准,从实践上推动了国家现代环境治理体系的构建。
环境修复是北京大学环境地理学科一个实践意义非常显著的研究领域。早期中国经济的发展主要是采用粗放型发展方式,这种发展方式带来经济快速增长的同时也产生了严重的环境问题,如水体污染、大气污染以及土壤污染等。李喜青教授等对此开展了大量的研究,例如针对湖南省郴州市王仙岭尾砂重金属污染的环境修复研究,在该项目中,研究人员对该场地重金属污染现状进行了调查与分析,在后期的修复工程中,为防止尾砂污染扩散,采用了重金属稳定化和阻隔防渗组合技术,取得了良好的效果[50]。
北京大学环境地理学科教师开展的另一个有特色的应用型研究工作是毒品污水流行病学研究。截止到2015年6月,中国吸毒人口数量已经超过300万,人类使用违禁药物后,其母体化合物或代谢物会随尿液、粪便等进入污水处理厂,污水处理过程不能将其完全降解,因此污水中的违禁药物及其代谢物会最终进入河流、湖泊等水环境[51-52]。鉴于毒品问题的严重性,李喜青教授等与有关禁毒部门合作,开展了有针对性的研究,确定了污水样的理想测定方法,并在一些地区进行了应用和验证,受到了有关部门的充分 肯定。
北京大学环境地理学科已经逐渐发展成为国内最好、有较大国际影响的环境地理学教学和科研基地之一。当前,中国环境形势十分严峻,发达国家上百年工业化过程中分阶段出现的环境问题,在中国已经集中出现,并表现出显著的复合型和区域性特征。为此,北京大学环境地理学科还应从科学创新和面向国家重大需求两个角度出发,以培养高水平人才为核心,注重青年骨干教师的培养,争取在以下方面逐步取得较大突破：
（1）提高环境地理学与其他相关学科（如化学、生物学、环境医学、遥感与GIS等）的融合水平,更好的运用多学科手段和技术,对人—地系统环境问题进行整体把握,提高环境地理学解决问题的能力,为区域乃至全球环境治理提供理论依据和实践 指导。
（2）对于当前突出的区域环境问题,如雾霾、室内污染、化学品环境风险、土壤重金属污染等,集中力量开展学术攻关,充分利用前期的研究成果及研究方法,寻求更为有效的重大区域环境问题的环境地理学解决方案。
（3）进一步分析环境问题产生与区域地理条件的相关性,分析环境问题的地理尺度特征,探索区域环境问题的风险防范、控制和修复措施。
（4）进一步探索如何更好地将环境地理学研究成果应用于环境修复、环境管理等领域,指导这些领域的实践活动,服务于国家的重大实践需求。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
| [1] |
The opinion to improve the science level of physical geography. 我们对于提高自然地理学的自然科学水平的意见 . |
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
The remarkable achievements in industrial pollution source investigation and management of Beijing.
北京市工业污染源调查与治理成果显著 .
|
| [6] |
Research on environmental pollution survey and environmental quality evaluation in the western suburbs of Beijing .北京西郊环境污染调查及环境质量评价的研究 . |
| [7] |
Environmental pollution investigation and control measures in the south eastern suburb of Beijing .北京东南郊环境污染调查及其防治途径的研究 . |
| [8] |
The reason research of Beijing groundwater hardness rise. 北京地下水硬度升高原因研究 . |
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
Study on China's soil environmental background value. 中国土壤环境背景值研究 . |
| [11] |
Background concentrations of elements in soils of China .https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282934 URL 摘要
Mean concentrations of 62 elements, pH, organic matter and grain size have been computed for soil samples from 4,095 locations throughout mainland China The compositions of geochemical data between mainland China and the conterminous United States and between Tibet and Alaska show a close correspondence for most elements determined. These geochemical data may reveal evidence of regional variations in the abundance of elements in soils. In general, the sequence for metal content in samples of soil orders was: Lithosol>Cold-highland soils>Inceptisol> Aridisol = Mollisol>Ultisol>Alfisol>Oxisol. This trend was apparently a result of climatic influence on soil genesis, with the Oxisols (high rainfall areas with highly weathered and highly leached soils) yielding the lowest elemental mean values. However, the highest mean values of most trace elements in the Lithosols were a result of its relatively high indigenous elemental contents as well as chemical properties of the bedrock from which the soils were formed.
|
| [12] |
Regional distribution of trace element contents in soils from the alluvial plains of eastern China. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02007173 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
从气候条件、母质物质组成的差异以及河流上下游物质之间的联系等角度, 讨论了我国东部冲积平原区土壤中13种元素的地理分布趋势及影响因素。研究表明, 大多数元素具有明显的南北向地域分布趋势, 这种趋势是地带性和非地带性因素共同决定的, 而以非地带因素更重要。此外, 东部平原土壤与相应主要河流上游侵蚀区土壤微量元素含量具有很好的共轭关系。
我国东部冲积平原土壤元素背景值地域分异规律 .https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02007173 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
从气候条件、母质物质组成的差异以及河流上下游物质之间的联系等角度, 讨论了我国东部冲积平原区土壤中13种元素的地理分布趋势及影响因素。研究表明, 大多数元素具有明显的南北向地域分布趋势, 这种趋势是地带性和非地带性因素共同决定的, 而以非地带因素更重要。此外, 东部平原土壤与相应主要河流上游侵蚀区土壤微量元素含量具有很好的共轭关系。
|
| [13] |
Mobilization of mercury from estuarine suspended particulate matter: A case study in the Yalujiang Esturary, Northeast China .
No abstract available.
|
| [14] |
Trace element contents and correlation in surface soils in China's eastern alluvial plains. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050343 URL 摘要
A study investigating the contents of 13 trace elements and the correlations between these trace elements and soil parameters of the surface soils in the eastern alluvial plains of China is summarized and discussed in this paper. The results show that the contents of some elements studied differ from region to region. Close relations have been noted between all the trace element contents in the soils of the eastern alluvial plains and the relevant surface materials of erosion regions, which demonstrate the effects of parent materials, while climatic conditions and human interventions are also found to be important factors. Close relations were found between the transition elements of the Quaternary period and the chalcophile elements (except Cu). The chemical and geochemical properties of these elements are identified as beeing important inherent characteristics that affect the relations of these elements in the soils.
|
| [15] |
The response of river water quality and quantity to the development of irrigated agriculture in last four decades in the Yellow River Basin, China. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001234 URL 摘要
[1] Irrigation agriculture is a major economic activity throughout the Yellow River Basin and has doubled in area in the last 5 decades. Monitoring data for major ions at 63 monitoring stations in the Yellow River system,ranging from 1960 to 2000, were studied. The concentration of major ions in much of the basin, and especially in downstream of the major irrigation areas of the upper basin, increases significantly between 1960 and 2000. We conclude that this increasing trend is mainly a result of saline irrigation return waters, especially from irrigated lands in arid zones of northern China where sodium increases by 100% and total dissolved solids increases by 29% in the main stem. Since 1972 a critical water quantity issue, "duanliu," has appeared, which refers to the drying up of the lower reach of the Yellow River. This phenomenon is due mainly to increasing irrigation water withdrawal, which is officially reported to be 91% of all surface water abstraction from the Yellow River. High rates of evapotranspiration and loss to groundwater, especially in the arid irrigated areas in two large irrigation areas in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, where abstracted water is some 25-30% of annual main stem flow, creates major water losses. There is a need to develop and enforce more rational water quotas as part of a reform of water management in the basin so that basin-wide management is given at least as much importance as provincial-level benefits.
|
| [16] |
Characteristics of and human influences on nitrogen contamination in the Yellow River system, China. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016796.51583.80 URL PMID: 15074613 摘要
Nitrogen (N) contamination in the Yellow River mainstream andits tributaries was studied using data from 1960 to 2000 from312 monitoring sites in the Yellow River system. Data showedthat N concentrations in the Yellow River have increased since1960, especially after 1990. N concentrations in the YellowRiver mainstream increased from the upper reaches (less than 1.0mg L -1 for TN and less than 0.10 mg L -1 forNH 4 + -N) to lower reaches (higher than 4–5 mgL -1 for TN and higher than 1.0 mg L -1 for NH 4 + -N).However, the highest N contaminations (50–250 mg L -1 forTN and 10–20 mg L -1 for NH 4 + -N) was found in sometributaries, which was attributed as an effect of industrialwastewater and municipal sewage. Nitrogen concentrations fromseveral monitoring sites were positively correlated with severalregional socio-economic indices, such as population density,fertilization rates, livestock, industrial input and GDP.Depending on location, seasonal N concentrations contrastedamong watersheds. Monitoring stations located in rural andagricultural areas showed higher N concentrations during theflood season while those located in areas with urban andindustrial centers showed higher N concentration during the dryseason. Mainstream flow and N concentrations showed a stronginverse relationship; with higher N concentrations as the riverflow declined. Intensive water extraction for agriculturalirrigation and increasing N input to the river from fertilizedagricultural fields could explain the increasing Nconcentrations during extensive droughts.
|
| [17] |
Relation between water quality changes and the "dryings-up phenomena" in the Yellow River, China.
黄河“断流”对该河段河水中主要离子化学特征的影响 .
|
| [18] |
Problem and solution in assessing the oxygen-demanding organic matters of the Yellow River, China.
黄河水泥沙含量高,现行的BOD<sub>5</sub>、COD和高锰酸盐指数测定方法所测结果常不能真实反映其污染状况.针对上述问题提出在评价黄河水质时,不采用COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD<sub>5</sub>的实测值,而采用经分别校正的数值,对COD和高锰酸盐指数而言,应从实测值中扣除由泥沙有机质本底量所产生的那部分数值.对BOD<sub>5</sub>而言,既可通过改进测试操作解决,也可通过乘以校正系数以恢复测量过程中受泥沙沉淀影响而降低的那部分数值.应用校正公式,通过案例研究,对校正方法的正确性进行了检验.
解决黄河耗氧有机物评价中存在问题的方法探讨 .
黄河水泥沙含量高,现行的BOD<sub>5</sub>、COD和高锰酸盐指数测定方法所测结果常不能真实反映其污染状况.针对上述问题提出在评价黄河水质时,不采用COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD<sub>5</sub>的实测值,而采用经分别校正的数值,对COD和高锰酸盐指数而言,应从实测值中扣除由泥沙有机质本底量所产生的那部分数值.对BOD<sub>5</sub>而言,既可通过改进测试操作解决,也可通过乘以校正系数以恢复测量过程中受泥沙沉淀影响而降低的那部分数值.应用校正公式,通过案例研究,对校正方法的正确性进行了检验.
|
| [19] |
Influence of high levels of total suspended solids on measurement of COD and BOD in the Yellow River, China. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-7374-2 URL PMID: 16779599 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Using the Yellow River, China, the study explores the problem of the use of COD and BOD 5 as water quality management parameters in the presence of very high levels of suspended sediment (TSS) that characterize this river. Although the amount of natural organic matter per unit of suspended sediment of the Yellow River is not high, the very high concentration of mineral sediment in the Yellow River results in a large concentration of organic matter, which artificially inflates the laboratory values of COD and, as a consequent, leads to greatly exaggerated reports of pollution of the Yellow River. BOD 5 can more accurately reflect the pollution of the Yellow River than COD; however, measured values of BOD under-report the actual values due to settling of the sediment in the incubation chamber resulting in values that are 21.6--38.3% less than the actual values. Therefore corrections are required for laboratory COD and BOD values so that the values are not artifacts of the sediment regime. Our work provides new insight into this phenomenon and demonstrates how correction factors may be determined and used with pollution data. Our work also suggests that the actual pollution levels of the Yellow River are probably not as high as reported by monitoring agencies.
|
| [20] |
Distribution pattern of trace elements in soil from Shenzhen area. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2001.02.014 URL 摘要
对深圳地区9种母质和6种土类构成的16个母质-土类单元共83个土壤样品中12种微量元素的含量进行测定.在此基础上分析了微量元素含量分布的成因.研究结果表明,成土母质是影响土壤微量元素含量和分布的首要因素,相同母质上的不同类型土壤中的微量元素含量大多无明显差异.土壤中微量元素的共生组合关系表现出明显的母质继承性特征,由于微量元素主要以同晶替代方式分散在硅酸盐矿物中,其分布与离子半径关系密切.第四周期过渡元素具有相似的分布格局,而Pb、Zn、Cd等另成一类.
深圳市土壤微量元素含量成因分析 .https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2001.02.014 URL 摘要
对深圳地区9种母质和6种土类构成的16个母质-土类单元共83个土壤样品中12种微量元素的含量进行测定.在此基础上分析了微量元素含量分布的成因.研究结果表明,成土母质是影响土壤微量元素含量和分布的首要因素,相同母质上的不同类型土壤中的微量元素含量大多无明显差异.土壤中微量元素的共生组合关系表现出明显的母质继承性特征,由于微量元素主要以同晶替代方式分散在硅酸盐矿物中,其分布与离子半径关系密切.第四周期过渡元素具有相似的分布格局,而Pb、Zn、Cd等另成一类.
|
| [21] |
Leachation kinetics of water soluble organic carbon from surface horizon of upland soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02951625 URL 摘要
测定了伊春河流域河水、井水、坡面漫流、土壤淋溶液等样品中的水溶性有机物含量，据此结果建立了河水溶解态有机物来源的概念模型。并根据不同流速条件下土壤水溶性有机物淋溶模拟实验的结果，探讨了水溶性有机物从山地土壤中淋溶的动力学过程。研究发现，吸着在土壤有机－矿质复合体表面的水溶性有机物的淋溶包括三个连续的动力学过程：即从复合体表面进入土壤毛管水的解吸作用，自土壤团粒结构内部转移到土壤重力水中的扩散和相迁移过程，以及被流动相携带淋溶的对流过程。这一物理模型可以表述为包括三个加和项的简单表达式，模型中的迁移速率常数与流动相线速度的某一方次成正比。
山地土壤表层水溶性有机物淋溶动力学模拟研究 .https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02951625 URL 摘要
测定了伊春河流域河水、井水、坡面漫流、土壤淋溶液等样品中的水溶性有机物含量，据此结果建立了河水溶解态有机物来源的概念模型。并根据不同流速条件下土壤水溶性有机物淋溶模拟实验的结果，探讨了水溶性有机物从山地土壤中淋溶的动力学过程。研究发现，吸着在土壤有机－矿质复合体表面的水溶性有机物的淋溶包括三个连续的动力学过程：即从复合体表面进入土壤毛管水的解吸作用，自土壤团粒结构内部转移到土壤重力水中的扩散和相迁移过程，以及被流动相携带淋溶的对流过程。这一物理模型可以表述为包括三个加和项的简单表达式，模型中的迁移速率常数与流动相线速度的某一方次成正比。
|
| [22] |
Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in China. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.017 URL PMID: 18649978 摘要
A regression model based on the provincial energy consumption data was developed to calculate the monthly proportions of residential energy consumption compared to the total year volume. This model was also validated by comparing with some survey and statistical data. With this model, a PAHs emission inventory with seasonal variation was developed. The seasonal variations of different sources in different regions of China and the spatial distribution of the major sources in different seasons were also achieved. The PAHs emissions were larger in the winter than in the summer, with a difference of about 1.3-folds between the months with the largest and the smallest emissions. Residential solid fuel combustion dominated the pattern of seasonal variation with the winter-time emissions as much as 1.6 times as that in the summer, while the emissions from wild fires and open fire straw burning was mainly concentrated during the spring and summer.
|
| [23] |
Inventory of anthropogenic methane emissions in Mainland China from 1980 to 2010. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-139 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT Methane (CH4) has a 28-fold greater global warming potential than CO2 over one hundred years. Atmospheric CH4 concentration has tripled since 1750. Anthropogenic CH4 emissions from China has been growing rapidly in the past decades, and contributes more than 10 % of global anthropogenic CH4 emissions with large uncertainties in existing global inventories, generally limited to country-scale statistics. To date, a long-term CH4 emissions inventory including the major sources sectors and based on province-level emission factors is still lacking. In this study, we produced a detailed bottom-up inventory of anthropogenic CH4 emissions from the eight major source sectors in China for the period 1980–2010. In the past three decades, the total CH4 emissions increased from 22.2 [16.6–28.2] Tg CH4 yr611 (mean [minimum-maximum of 95 % confidence interval]) to 45.0 [36.4–58.3] Tg CH4 yr611, and most of this increase took place in the 2000s. This fast increase of the total CH4 emissions after 2000 is mainly driven by CH4 emissions from coal exploitation. The largest contribution to total CH4 emissions also shifted from rice cultivation in 1980 to coal exploitation in 2010. The total emissions inferred in this work compare well with the EPA inventory but appear to be 38 % lower than EDGAR4.2 inventory. The uncertainty of our inventory is investigated using emissions factors collected from published literatures. We also distributed province-scale emissions into 0.502 × 0.502 maps using social-economic activity data. This new inventory could help understanding CH4 budgets at regional scale and guiding CH4 mitigation policies in China.
|
| [24] |
The impact of domestic and foreign trade on energy-related PM emissions in Beijing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.082 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Particulate matter (PM) adversely affects air quality, human health and the climate, and it is more prevalent in urban areas. Few efforts have been made to quantify the impact of trade on PM concentrations in an urban economy. This paper presents an analysis of the impacts of domestic and international trade on PM emissions in Beijing using a three-scale input–output model, supported by the national and global embodied energy-related PM 2.5 , PM 10 and TSP (total suspended particulate) emission intensities. The results found that the total energy-related PM 2.5 , PM 10 and TSP emissions (production-based) in Beijing were 10602Gg, 16302Gg and 34702Gg, respectively, in 2010. Of these amounts, 48% (5102Gg, 7402Gg and 14602Gg, respectively) was associated with local demand, 42% (4402Gg, 7302Gg and 16802Gg, respectively) was associated with domestic exports, and 10% (1102Gg, 1602Gg and 3302Gg, respectively) was associated with international exports. From a consumption perspective, Beijing’s PM 2.5 , PM 10 and TSP emissions were more than double the production-based PM emissions. Approximately 75% (17202Gg, 31102Gg and 78602Gg, respectively) of the consumption-based PM emissions were domestically outsourced to other provinces, primarily via the import of metal (3202Gg, 5802Gg and 15102Gg), construction (2602Gg, 3602Gg and 9102Gg) and chemical products (1602Gg, 3002Gg and 7502Gg), and 3% (802Gg, 1002Gg and 2402Gg, respectively) of consumption-based PM emissions were outsourced abroad. Our results indicate that domestic trade plays a dominant role in Beijing’s PM 2.5 emissions. These findings suggest that more national and sub-national government should co-ordinate design and implement effective mechanisms to alleviate urban air pollution because of the significant effects of interprovincial and international trade on local emissions.
|
| [25] |
Temporal and spatial trends of residential energy consumption and air pollutant emissions in China. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.040 URL 摘要
Residential energy consumptions of both electricity and fuels are associated with emissions of many air pollutants. Temporally and spatially resolved energy consumption data are scarce in China, which are critical for a better understanding of their environmental impacts. In this study, a space-for-time substitution method was proposed and two models for predicting fuel and electricity consumptions in residential sector of China were developed using provincial data. It was found that fuel consumption was not directly proportional to heating degree day and was also affected by heating day, defined as the number of days when heating is required in a year. The models were validated against a set of historical annual data and two sets of survey data on seasonal variations. The models were applied to predict spatial and temporal variations of residential energy consumptions and emissions of various pollutants and to predict net effects of climate warming on energy consumptions and pollutant emissions. The emissions of black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), and polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in winter were significantly higher than those in other seasons. For the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), there were two peaks in winter and summer, with the latter increasing gradually over years. It was predicted that per-capita residential energy consumptions would reach 0.43, 0.33, and 0.26toe/cap in 2050 for IPCC scenarios of A1B, B1, and A2, respectively. Climate warming in the future would lead to less residential fuel but more electricity consumptions. Consequently, emissions of BC, CO, and PAHs would decrease mainly in cold climate zones, while emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx would increase largely in southeast China.
|
| [26] |
Global mercury emissions from combustion in light of international fuel trading. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404110f URL PMID: 24433051 摘要
The spatially resolved emission inventory is essential for understanding the fate of mercury. Previous global mercury emission inventories for fuel combustion sources overlooked the influence of fuel trading on local emission estimates of many countries, mostly developing countries, for which national emission data are not available. This study demonstrates that in many countries, the mercury content of coal and petroleum locally consumed differ significantly from those locally produced. If the mercury content in locally produced fuels were used to estimate emission, then the resulting global mercury emissions from coal and petroleum would be overestimated by 4.7 and 72%, respectively. Even higher misestimations would exist in individual countries, leading to strong spatial bias. On the basis of the available data on fuel trading and an updated global fuel consumption database, a new mercury emission inventory for 64 combustion sources has been developed. The emissions were mapped at 0.1 0.1 resolution for 2007 and at country resolution for a period from 1960 to 2006. The estimated global total mercury emission from all combustion sources (fossil fuel, biomass fuel, solid waste, and wildfires) in 2007 was 1454 Mg (1232-1691 Mg as interquartile range from Monte Carlo simulation), among which elementary mercury (Hg(0)), divalent gaseous mercury (Hg(2+)), and particulate mercury (Hg(p)) were 725, 548, and 181 Mg, respectively. The total emission from anthropogenic sources, excluding wildfires, was 1040 Mg (886-1248 Mg), with coal combustion contributing more than half. Globally, total annual anthropogenic mercury emission from combustion sources increased from 285 Mg (263-358 Mg) in 1960 to 1040 Mg (886-1248 Mg) in 2007, owing to an increased fuel consumption in developing countries. However, mercury emissions from developed countries have decreased since 2000.
|
| [27] |
Globalization and pollution: Tele-connecting local primary PM2.5 emissions to global consumption. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0380 URL PMID: 5134305 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Globalization pushes production and consumption to geographically diverse locations and generates a variety of sizeable opportunities and challenges. The distribution and associated effects of short-lived primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a representative of local pollution, are significantly affected by the consumption through global supply chain. Tele-connection is used here to represent the link between production and consumption activity at large distances. In this study, we develop a global consumption-based primary PM2.5emission inventory to track primary PM2.5emissions embodied in the supply chain and evaluate the extent to which local PM2.5emissions are triggered by international trade. We further adopt consumption-based accounting and identify the global original source that produced the emissions. We find that anthropogenic PM2.5emissions from industrial sectors accounted for 2461Tg globally in 2007; approximately 30% (7.261Tg) of these emissions were embodied in export of products principally from Brazil, South Africa, India and China (3.861Tg) to developed countries. Large differences (up to 10 times) in the embodied emissions intensity between net importers and exporters greatly increased total global PM2.5emissions. Tele-connecting production and consumption activity provides valuable insights with respect to mitigating long-range transboundary air pollution and prompts concerted efforts aiming at more environmentally conscious globalization.
|
| [28] |
Tracing primary PM2.5 emissions via Chinese supply chains. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In this study, we examine a supply-chain approach to more effectively mitigate primary PMemissions in China from the perspectives of production, consumption and their linkages using structural path analysis. We identify the pattern of all supply chain paths using principal component analysis. To address the severe haze problems in China, it is important to understand how final demand purchase initiates production processes and ultimately leads to primary PMemission. We found that consumers demands on power and transportation mainly induce direct emissions, quite different from the demands on construction, industry and service products which largely drive emissions in upstream activities. We also found that nearly 80% of the economic sectors in China follow a similar pattern in generating primary PMemissions in electricity, cement and the ferrous metal industries; but only the construction sector increases the release of PMdue to the production of non-metallic mineral products. These findings indicate that further reduction of end-of-pipe emissions in the power and transportation sectors will facilitate cleaner production in almost all the economic sectors. However, for urbanization induced emissions, China should mitigate PMemissions through the supply chain of construction, either severely reducing its life-cycle intensity or carefully planning to avoid extensive, unnecessary building activity. (letter)
|
| [29] |
Quantification of global primary emissions of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP from combustion and industrial process sources. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503696k URL PMID: 25347079 摘要
Emission quantification of primary particulate matter (PM) is essential for assessment of its related climate and health impacts. To reduce uncertainty associated with global emissions of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP, we compiled data with high spatial (0.1 0.1) and sectorial (77 primary sources) resolutions for 2007 based on a newly released global fuel data product (PKU-FUEL-2007) and an emission factor database. Our estimates for developing countries are higher than those previously reported. Spatial bias associated with large countries could be reduced by using subnational fuel consumption data. Additionally, we looked at temporal trends from 1960 to 2009 at country-scale resolution. Although total emissions are still increasing in developing countries, their intensities in terms of gross domestic production or energy consumption have decreased. PM emitted in developed countries is finer owing to a larger contribution from nonindustrial sources and use of abatement technologies. In contrast, countries like China, with strong industry emissions and limited abatement facilities, emit coarser PM. The health impacts of PM are intensified in hotspots and cities owing to covariance of sources and receptors. Although urbanization reduces the per person emission, overall health impacts related to these emissions are heightened because of aggregation effects.
|
| [30] |
Residual characteristics of HCHs and DDTs in surface soils from the western zone of Bohai Bay. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2008.01.023 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
分析采自渤海湾西部地区302个表土样品中的HCHs和DDTs含量.结果表明,区域表土中HCHs、DDTs含量的算术均值±标准偏差分别为(3.88±25.92)ng.g-1和(63.60±255.83)ng.g-1;几何均值±标准偏差分别为(0.44±3.97)ng.g-1和(8.68±5.51)ng.g-1.两类污染物的原始数据大多呈右偏态分布.HCHs的对数浓度与角变换的土壤TOC含量存在较为显著的相关关系;而对于DDTs关系并不明显.不同土地利用条件下HCHs和DDTs的残留水平存在明显差异,其中,菜地、林地和荒地表现出较高的HCHs残留,而菜地、林地、耕地和棉田则具有较高的DDTs残留.渤海湾西部地区表土中若干地区存在HCHs和DDTs的新输入.根据国家现行的土壤质量标准,DDTs污染水平达到三级和三级以上的样点占总数的2.6%,二级水平的样点比例为11.9%;而HCHs污染水平达到二级的仅占总数的2%.据此,表土HCHs潜在生态风险较高的样点主要分布于河北省石家庄市、北京市和天津市;表土DDTs潜在生态风险较高的样点则集中在河北省石家庄市和邯郸市、山东省济南市、北京市和天津市.
渤海湾西部表土中HCHs与DDTs的残留特征 .https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2008.01.023 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
分析采自渤海湾西部地区302个表土样品中的HCHs和DDTs含量.结果表明,区域表土中HCHs、DDTs含量的算术均值±标准偏差分别为(3.88±25.92)ng.g-1和(63.60±255.83)ng.g-1;几何均值±标准偏差分别为(0.44±3.97)ng.g-1和(8.68±5.51)ng.g-1.两类污染物的原始数据大多呈右偏态分布.HCHs的对数浓度与角变换的土壤TOC含量存在较为显著的相关关系;而对于DDTs关系并不明显.不同土地利用条件下HCHs和DDTs的残留水平存在明显差异,其中,菜地、林地和荒地表现出较高的HCHs残留,而菜地、林地、耕地和棉田则具有较高的DDTs残留.渤海湾西部地区表土中若干地区存在HCHs和DDTs的新输入.根据国家现行的土壤质量标准,DDTs污染水平达到三级和三级以上的样点占总数的2.6%,二级水平的样点比例为11.9%;而HCHs污染水平达到二级的仅占总数的2%.据此,表土HCHs潜在生态风险较高的样点主要分布于河北省石家庄市、北京市和天津市;表土DDTs潜在生态风险较高的样点则集中在河北省石家庄市和邯郸市、山东省济南市、北京市和天津市.
|
| [31] |
The contribution of China's emissions to global climate forcing. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17165 URL PMID: 26983540 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Knowledge of the contribution that individual countries have made to global radiative forcing is important to the implementation of the agreement on "common but differentiated responsibilities" reached by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Over the past three decades, China has experienced rapid economic development(1), accompanied by increased emission of greenhouse gases, ozone precursors and aerosols(2,3), but the magnitude of the associated radiative forcing has remained unclear. Here we use a global coupled biogeochemistry-climate model(4,5) and a chemistry and transport model(6) to quantify China's present-day contribution to global radiative forcing due to well-mixed greenhouse gases, short-lived atmospheric climate forcers and land-use-induced regional surface albedo changes. We find that China contributes 10% +/- 4% of the current global radiative forcing. China's relative contribution to the positive (warming) component of global radiative forcing, mainly induced by well-mixed greenhouse gases and black carbon aerosols, is 12% +/- 2%. Its relative contribution to the negative (cooling) component is 15% +/- 6%, dominated by the effect of sulfate and nitrate aerosols. China's strongest contributions are 0.16 +/- 0.02 watts per square metre for CO2 from fossil fuel burning, 0.13 +/- 0.05 watts per square metre for CH4, -0.11 +/- 0.05 watts per square metre for sulfate aerosols, and 0.09 +/- 0.06 watts per square metre for black carbon aerosols. China's eventual goal of improving air quality will result in changes in radiative forcing in the coming years: a reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions would drive a faster future warming, unless offset by larger reductions of radiative forcing from well-mixed greenhouse gases and black carbon.
|
| [32] |
A typical regional environmental process of trace organic pollutants. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2006.01.028 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于缺乏必要的研究,关于我国环境中的微量有机污染物的污染程度、发展趋势、影响途径和危害状况等知之甚少.这种现状给采取合理的管理措施(如制定法规和标准)和工程措施(如发展污染控制和修复技术)造成严重困难.为此,加强关于微量有机污染物的应用基础理论研究,特别是区域性
典型微量有机污染物的区域环境过程 .https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2006.01.028 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于缺乏必要的研究,关于我国环境中的微量有机污染物的污染程度、发展趋势、影响途径和危害状况等知之甚少.这种现状给采取合理的管理措施(如制定法规和标准)和工程措施(如发展污染控制和修复技术)造成严重困难.为此,加强关于微量有机污染物的应用基础理论研究,特别是区域性
|
| [33] |
Modeling temporal variations in global residential energy consumption and pollutant emissions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.185 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Energy data are often reported on an annual basis. To address the climate and health impacts of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, seasonally resolved emissions inventories are needed. The seasonality of energy consumption is most affected by consumption in the residential sector. In this study, a set of regression models were developed based on temperature-related variables and a series of socioeconomic parameters to quantify global electricity and fuel consumption for the residential sector. The models were evaluated against observations and applied to simulate monthly changes in residential energy consumption and the resultant emissions of air pollutants. Changes in energy consumption are strongly affected by economic prosperity and population growth. Climate change, electricity prices, and urbanization also affect energy use. Climate warming will cause a net increase in electricity consumption and a decrease in fuel consumption by the residential sector. Consequently, emissions of CO2, SO2, and Hg are predicted to decrease, while emissions of incomplete combustion products are expected to increase. These changes vary regionally.
|
| [34] |
Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318763111 URL PMID: 24469822 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Black carbon (BC) is increasingly recognized as a significant air pollutant with harmful effects on human health, either in its own right or as a carrier of other chemicals. The adverse impact is of particular concern in those developing regions with high emissions and a growing population density. The results of recent studies indicate that BC emissions could be underestimated by a factor of 2-3 and this is particularly true for the hot-spot Asian region. Here we present a unique inventory at 10-km resolution based on a recently published global fuel consumption data product and updated emission factor measurements. The unique inventory is coupled to an Asia-nested (6550 km) atmospheric model and used to calculate the global population exposure to BC with fully quantified uncertainty. Evaluating the modeled surface BC concentrations against observations reveals great improvement. The bias is reduced from -88% to -35% in Asia when the unique inventory and higher-resolution model replace a previous inventory combined with a coarse-resolution model. The bias can be further reduced to -12% by downscaling to 10 km using emission as a proxy. Our estimated global population-weighted BC exposure concentration constrained by observations is 2.14 μg66m(-3); 130% higher than that obtained using less detailed inventories and low-resolution models.
|
| [35] |
Urbanization-induced population migration has reduced ambient PM2.5 concentrations in China. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700300 URL PMID: 5517109 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Population migration has upgraded the direct energy consumption with remarkable benefits on air quality and health in China. Direct residential and transportation energy consumption (RTC) contributes significantly to ambient fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 m (PM2.5) in China. During massive rural-urban migration, population and pollutant emissions from RTC have evolved in terms of magnitude and geographic distribution, which was thought to worsen PM2.5levels in cities but has not been quantitatively addressed. We quantify the temporal trends and spatial patterns of migration to cities and evaluate their associated pollutant emissions from RTC and subsequent health impact from 1980 to 2030. We show that, despite increased urban RTC emissions due to migration, the net effect of migration in China has been a reduction of PM2.5exposure, primarily because of an unequal distribution of RTC energy mixes between urban and rural areas. After migration, people have switched to cleaner fuel types, which considerably lessened regional emissions. Consequently, the national average PM2.5exposure concentration in 2010 was reduced by 3.9 g/m3(90% confidence interval, 3.0 to 5.4 g/m3) due to migration, corresponding to an annual reduction of 36,000 (19,000 to 47,000) premature deaths. This reduction was the result of an increase in deaths by 142,000 (78,000 to 181,000) due to migrants swarming into cities and decreases in deaths by 148,000 (76,000 to 194,000) and 29,000 (15,000 to 39,000) due to transitions to a cleaner energy mix and lower urban population densities, respectively. Locally, however, megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai experienced increases in PM2.5exposure associated with migration because these cities received massive immigration, which has driven a large increase in local emissions.
|
| [36] |
Inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk of Chinese population. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905756106 URL PMID: 19995969 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
An Euler atmospheric transport model (Canadian Model for Environmental Transport of Organochlorine Pesticides, CanMETOP) was applied and validated to estimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ambient air concentrations at ground level in China based on a high-resolution emission inventory. The results were used to evaluate lung cancer risk for the Chinese population caused by inhalation exposure to PAHs. The uncertainties of the transport model, exposure, and risk analysis were assessed by using Monte Carlo simulation, taking into consideration the variation in PAH emission, aerosol and OH radical concentrations, dry deposition, respiration rate, and genetic susceptibility. The average benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (B[a]P(eq)) was 2.43 [ approximately 1.29-4.50 as interquartile range (IR)] ng/m(3). The population-weighted B[a]P(eq) was 7.64 (IR, approximately 4.05-14.1) ng/m(3) because of the spatial overlap of the emissions and population density. It was estimated that 5.8% (IR, approximately 2.0-11%) of China's land area, where 30% (IR, approximately 17-43%) of the population lives, exceeded the national ambient B[a]P(eq) standard of 10 ng/m(3). Taking into consideration the variation in exposure concentration, respiration rate, and susceptibility, the overall population attributable fraction (PAF) for lung cancer caused by inhalation exposure to PAHs was 1.6% (IR, approximately 0.91-2.6%), corresponding to an excess annual lung cancer incidence rate of 0.65 x 10(-5). Although the spatial variability was high, the lung cancer risk in eastern China was higher than in western China, and populations in major cities had a higher risk of lung cancer than rural areas. An extremely high PAF of >44% was estimated in isolated locations near small-scale coke oven operations.
|
| [37] |
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and disruption of progesterone synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in human placental choriocarcinoma cells: comparison with triphenyl phosphate. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00872 URL PMID: 28282128 摘要
Abstract 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), an organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR), is frequently detected in human blood. In this study, the sensitive dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and molecular docking were used to investigate the activation of EHDPP to human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Results show that EHDPP exhibited stronger PPARG activation (EC 20 : 2.04 μM) than triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) (EC 20 : 2.78 μM). EHDPP upregulated the gene expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β-HSD1) in human placental choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the lowest observable effective concentration was 10 μM, lower than that of TPhP (20 μM). EHDPP significantly altered progesterone secretion at a lower concentration (10 μM) than that of TPhP (20 μM), and both EHDPP and TPhP significantly promoted human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production at 20 μM. Furthermore, inactivation of PPARG by either a pharmacological inhibitor (GW9662) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the change in progesterone secretion and gene expression in the cells exposed to EHDPP, suggesting that the PPARG signaling pathway plays a role in the upregulation of progesterone by the two OPFRs. This is the first report to show that OPFRs can alter the biosynthesis of progesterone in the placenta, which could affect female reproduction and fetal development.
|
| [38] |
Levels of blood organophosphorus flame retardants and association with changes in human sphingolipid homeostasis. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02474 URL PMID: 27434659 摘要
Abstract While a recent toxicological study has shown that organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) may disrupt sphingolipid homeostasis, epidemiologic evidence is currently lacking. In this study, a total of 257 participants were recruited from Shenzhen, China. Eleven OPFRs were for the first time simultaneously determined in the human blood samples by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Six OPFRs, tributyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and TPHP were detectable in at least 90% of participants, with the median concentrations of 37.8, 1.22, 0.71, 0.54, 0.49, and 0.43 ng/mL, respectively. Sphingomyelin (SM) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP, TNBP, TBOEP, TEP and TCIPP were 45.3% [95% confidence interval: 38.1%, 53.0%]; 51.9% (45.5%, 58.6%); 153.6% (145.1%, 162.3%); 20.6% (14.5%, 27.0%); 59.0% (52.1%, 66.2%) and 62.8% (55.2%, 70.6%) higher than those in the lowest quartile, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP and TNBP were 36% (-39%, -33%), 16% (-19%, -14%) and 36% (-38%, -33%) lower than those in the lowest quartile, respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We for the first time found the associations between OPFRs and changes in human sphingolipid homeostasis.
|
| [39] |
A method of multi-section solid phase extraction column and the concentration method used for the condensing of trace matters in water .
用于水中微量成分浓缩的多段式固相萃取柱及其水中成分浓缩方法 .
|
| [40] |
The DNA sex identification method for young fish and fertilized eggs of fish. Application number: 200510011322 .
幼鱼或鱼受精卵的DNA鉴定性别的方法. 申请号: 200510011322 .
|
| [41] |
Ubiquitous occurrence of fluorotelomer alcohols in eco-friendly paper-made food-contact materials and their implication for human exposure. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03806 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The occurrence of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) was investigated in 94 food contact materials (FCMs). 6:2FTOH (<0.60-1110 ng/g), 8:2FTOH (<0.40-8490 ng/g), and 10:2FTOH (<0.02-9350 ng/g) were detected in most FCM samples, and four longer-chain C14-20 FTOHs were for the first time identified in FCMs with relatively high concentrations (<0.02-8450 ng/g for 12:2FTOH, <0.02-1640 ng/g for 14:2FTOH, <0.02-372 ng/g for 16:2FTOH, and <0.02-130 ng/g for 18:2FTOH). There were three typical profiles of FTOHs which were dominated by 6:2FTOH (95.6 8.1% in 9 FCMs), 8:2FTOH (50.9 20.8% in 22 FCMs), and 10:2FTOH (44.5 20.9% in 30 FCMs), indicating the congener-specific usage of FTOHs for different commercial purposes. All nine detectable FCMs produced in the USA were dominated by 6:2FTOH, which was significantly different from those produced in China. The median concentration of total FTOHs in eco-friendly paper tableware was 2990 ng/g, which was lower than in popcorn bags (18200 ng/g), but much higher than other FCMs (...
|
| [42] |
Development of lead source-specific exposure standards based on aggregate exposure assessment: Bayesian inversion from biomonitoring information to multipathway exposure. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202800z URL PMID: 22142206 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Exposure of children to lead is of great concern, and the exposure standards for different media are important for protecting public safety. However, these media-specific standards often fail to ensure the safety of children even when environmental lead levels are lower than the quality standards since humans are often exposed to lead via multiple pathways. To establish exposure standards to protect children from hazards associated with exposure to lead, an analytical tool for assessing aggregate exposure to lead based on Bayesian hierarchical model was developed, and then was used to update the external lead exposure of diet, paint, soil, air and drinking water using the blood lead levels in Chinese children aged 1-6 years. On the basis of updated external exposure, the source allocations for diet, paint, soil, air, and drinking water in China were 65.80 ± 7.92%, 16.98 ± 7.88%, 13.65 ± 5.05%, 3.36 ± 1.75%, and 0.20 ± 0.14%, respectively. Based on the estimated source allocations, the exposure standards were evaluated to be 0.2 μg/m(3), 24.25 mg/kg, 0.027 μg/L, 0.051 μg/mg, 0.042 μg/mg, 38.02 μg/mg for air, soil, water, grains, vegetables, and paint, respectively. Since the standards setting procedure was based on the multipathway aggregate exposure assessment of lead, the newly proposed exposure standards should ensure the safety of children.
|
| [43] |
Detection, occurrence and fate of indirubin in municipal sewage treatment plants. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801038y URL PMID: 19068815 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Indirubin which has been isolated from human urine is an extremely potent AhR agonist. This paper first established an analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for indirubin in complex environmental waters, and then applied this method to investigate its occurrence and fate in sewage treatment plants (STPs). For the various types of aqueous matrices considered, the absolute recoveries were from 64 to 81%, and the limits of quantification were below 0.05 ng/L Among the seven STPs studied, the average concentrations of indirubin in influents ranged from 8.3 to 29.7 ng/L, and their aqueous-phase removal rates were 72-91%. In the receiving waters, the Tonghui and Qinghe Rivers, the concentrations of indirubin (0.65-3.7 ng/L) in some samples were much higher than those in their corresponding STP effluents, suggesting that there is random discharging of untreated sewage. The fate of indirubin was investigated in mechanical and biological sewage treatment as well as in sewage-sludge treatment at a STP consisting of anoxic, anaerobic, and aerobic tanks. The indirubin was largely removed in the anoxic tank and the secondary clarifier mainly due to the biodegradation and sorption on sludge, respectively. An increase of indirubin was observed in the aerobic tank, which was due to the cleavage of indirubin conjugates.
|
| [44] |
Evaluation of estrogenicity of sewage effluent and reclaimed water using vitellogenin as a biomarker. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-096.1 URL PMID: 18092868 摘要
To evaluate the quality of reclaimed water, the estrogenicity of effluent from a sewage treatment plant and of reclaimed water treated with coagulation-sedimentation-filtration using the effluent as raw water was assessed using vitellogenin (VTG) as a biomarker. After a three-week exposure, significant ( p < 0.05) induction of VTG occurred in female crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ) exposed continuously to the secondary effluent and reclaimed water with different dilutions (12.5, 25, 50, and 100% for secondary effluent; 50 and 100% for reclaimed water); no induction of VTG was detected when exposed to 12.5 and 25% reclaimed water. For male fish, however, only 100% secondary effluent induced the production of VTG (mean standard deviation, 38.6 9.8 g/ml). When the exposure time was prolonged to three months, VTG was induced significantly in both females and males at all gradient concentrations of secondary effluent and at 50 and 100% reclaimed water. The results indicated that no obvious VTG was detected in fish exposed to reclaimed water diluted more than fourfold. Ozonation of the secondary effluent under an ozone consumption dose of 8.5 mg/L resulted in a VTG level equal to that of 12.5% secondary effluent or 50% reclaimed water. Furthermore, VTG induction reflects the cumulative effects of estrogenic activity in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water compared with the in vitro assays, in which estrogenic activities in effluent changed markedly during the experiment.
|
| [45] |
An improved method for analyzing chlormequat and mepiquat in source waters by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.006 URL PMID: 20869509 摘要
Abstract A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the identification and quantification of chlormequat (CQ) and mepiquat (MQ) in source waters with high sensitivity and specificity was established using WCX cartridges (150 mg/6 mL) for pre-concentration of the samples and using the CAPCELL PAK CR 1:4 (2.0 mm0103150 mm 5 0204m, SCX:C18=1:4) column containing strong cationic exchange resins and C18 for separation. The method could solve the problem for pre-concentrating ionic compounds from water samples and avoid the MS instrument fouling problem accompanied with the use of ion-pair reagents. After the optimization of analytical conditions, quantification was achieved in the positive electrospray ionization mode using selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed with multi-channel mode with quantification performed at 30 V cone voltage to ascertain the sensitivity and qualitative analysis performed at 60 V cone voltage simultaneously. The method detection limits (MDLs) of CQ and MQ in source water were determined to be 14 and 22 ng L(-1). Finally, the method was used to quantify CQ and MQ in several source waters, which gave a level ranging from below the quantitation limit to 28 ng L(-1). Copyright 0008 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
| [46] |
Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UPLC-MS/MS. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60281-3 URL PMID: 21235178 摘要
The method for detecting N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was improved by optimizing the clean-up procedure to remove the matrix interference in pretreatment process,and was then applied to a survey of NDMA in both raw and finished water samples from five water treatment plants in South China.The NDMA concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 15.1 ng/L in raw water samples,and from 4.68 to 46.9 ng/L in finished water.The NDMA concentration in raw water was found to be related with nitrite concentration,and during the treatment,the NDMA concentration increased following ozonation but decreased after subsequent activated carbon treatment.
|
| [47] |
Malformations of the endangered Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, and its causal agent. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809434106 URL PMID: 19470453 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The anadromous Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is endangered and listed among the first class of protected animals in China. The possible causes for the decline of this species are the effects of synthetic chemicals, and loss of critical habitat. Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River have accumulated triphenyltin (TPT) to 31-128 ng/g wet weigh (ww) in liver, which is greater than the concentrations of tributyltin (<1.0 ng/g ww). Maternal transfer of TPT has resulted in concentrations of 25.5 +/- 13.0 ng/g ww in eggs of wild Chinese sturgeon, which poses a significant risk to the larvae naturally fertilized or hatched in the Yangtze River. The incidence of deformities in fry was 7.5%, with 1.2% of individuals exhibiting ocular abnormal development, and 6.3% exhibited skeletal/morphological deformations. The incidences of both ocular and skeletal/morphological deformations were directly proportional to the TPT concentration in the eggs of both the Chinese sturgeon and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) in controlled laboratory studies. The rates of deformities in the controlled studies were consistent with the rates caused at the similar concentrations in eggs collected from the field. Thus, TPT is the causal agent to induce the malformation of larvae of Chinese sturgeon. The incidence of deformed larvae of Chinese sturgeon is an indicator of overall population-level effects of TPT on Chinese sturgeon, because TPT at environmentally relevant concentrations can result in significantly decrease both quality and quantity of eggs and spawning frequency of fish.
|
| [48] |
Cyanobacteria blooms produce teratogenic retinoic acids. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200062109 URL PMID: 22645328 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Deformed amphibians have been observed in eutrophic habitats, and some clues point to the retinoic acids (RAs) or RA mimics. However, RAs are generally thought of as vertebrate-specific hormones, and there was no evidence that RAs exist in cyanobacteria or algae blooms. By analyzing RAs and their analogs 4-oxo-RAs in natural cyanobacteria blooms and cultures of cyanobacteria and algae, we showed that cyanobacteria blooms could produce RAs, which were powerful animal teratogens. Intracellular RAs and 4-oxo-RAs with concentrations between 0.4 and 4.2 10(2) ng/L were detected in all bloom materials, and extracellular concentrations measured in water from Taihu Lake, China, were as great as 2.0 10 ng/L, which might pose a risk to wildlife through chronic exposure. Further examination of 39 cyanobacteria and algae species revealed that 32 species could produce RAs and 4-oxo-RAs (1.6-1.4 10(3) ng/g dry weight), and the dominant cyanobacteria species in Taihu Lake, Microcystis flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa, produced high amounts of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs with concentrations of 1.4 10(3) and 3.7 10(2) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Most genera of cyanobacteria that could produce RAs and 4-oxo-RAs, such as Microcystis, Anabaena, and Aphanizomenon, often occur dominantly in blooms. Production of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs by cyanobacteria was associated with species, origin location, and growth stage. These results represent a conclusive demonstration of endogenous production of RAs in freshwater cyanobacteria blooms. The observation of teratogenic RAs in cyanobacteria is evolutionarily and ecologically significant because RAs are vertebrate-specific hormones, and cyanobacteria form extensive and highly visible blooms in many aquatic ecosystems.
|
| [49] |
Fluorene-9-bisphenol is anti-oestrogenic and may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14585 URL PMID: 28248286 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the production of plastic but has oestrogenic activity. Therefore, BPA substitutes, such as fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), have been introduced for the production of so-called PA-free' plastics. Here we show that BHPF is released from commercial PA-free' plastic bottles into drinking water and has anti-oestrogenic effects in mice. We demonstrate that BHPF has anti-oestrogenic activityin vitroand, in an uterotrophic assay in mice, induces low uterine weight, atrophic endometria and causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, even at doses lower than those of BPA for which no observed adverse effect have been reported. Female mice given water containing BHPF released from plastic bottles, have detectable levels of BHPF in serum, low uterine weights and show decreased expressions of oestrogen-responsive genes. We also detect BHPF in the plasma of 7/100 individuals, who regularly drink water from plastic bottles. Our data suggest that BPA substitutes should be tested for anti-oestrogenic activity and call for further study of the toxicological effects of BHPF on human health. Bisphenol A is used in the production of many plastic products, but has adverse health effects and is therefore being replaced. Here the authors show that its substitute, fluorene-9-bisphenol, is released from commercial plastic bottles into drinking water, and has anti-oestrogenic effects in mice.
|
| [50] |
Case study on remediation of heavy metal contamination by tailings in Wangxianling tourism resort of Chenzhou city. https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.201602037 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
介绍了湖南省郴州市王仙岭旅游度假区尾砂重金属污染治理工程,包括该场地重金属污染的现状调查与分析,修复技术的分析和选用以及实施工艺。为防止尾砂污染扩散,该工程主要采用重金属稳定化和阻隔防渗组合技术。该工程的成功实施证明其所采用的调查方法、工程技术和施工工艺的有效性,可为同类项目的调查、设计与施工提供参考借鉴。
郴州市王仙岭尾砂库重金属污染治理工程实例 .https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.201602037 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
介绍了湖南省郴州市王仙岭旅游度假区尾砂重金属污染治理工程,包括该场地重金属污染的现状调查与分析,修复技术的分析和选用以及实施工艺。为防止尾砂污染扩散,该工程主要采用重金属稳定化和阻隔防渗组合技术。该工程的成功实施证明其所采用的调查方法、工程技术和施工工艺的有效性,可为同类项目的调查、设计与施工提供参考借鉴。
|
| [51] |
Optimization and validation of the analytical method to detect common illicit drugs in wastewater. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201606170 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
违禁药物作为一种新型污染物得到了环境科学界的广泛关注.本文根据国内外已有研究,比较了污水样的前处理条件如SPE柱和水样pH值、冲洗、酸化及复溶过程.结果表明,对实际污水样的前处理应将样品pH值调为2,选用Oasis MCX柱,无需除杂质的冲洗和氮吹过程的酸化步骤,因两种上机测定方法 HILIC-UPLC-MS/MS和C18-UPLC-MS/MS不同而分别选择200μL乙腈和100μL乙腈＋100μL 5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵复溶.通过比较HILIC法和C18法的保留时间及检出限、定量限、回收率和基质效应等方法评价指标,确定污水样的测定应选用C18-UPLC-MS/MS.最后,将优化后的测定方法用于分析北京市12家污水处理厂的进、出水样,验证了方法的可靠性,为违禁药物的污水流行病学研究和环境风险评价奠定了基础.
污水中常见违禁药物分析方法优化及验证 .https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201606170 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
违禁药物作为一种新型污染物得到了环境科学界的广泛关注.本文根据国内外已有研究,比较了污水样的前处理条件如SPE柱和水样pH值、冲洗、酸化及复溶过程.结果表明,对实际污水样的前处理应将样品pH值调为2,选用Oasis MCX柱,无需除杂质的冲洗和氮吹过程的酸化步骤,因两种上机测定方法 HILIC-UPLC-MS/MS和C18-UPLC-MS/MS不同而分别选择200μL乙腈和100μL乙腈＋100μL 5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵复溶.通过比较HILIC法和C18法的保留时间及检出限、定量限、回收率和基质效应等方法评价指标,确定污水样的测定应选用C18-UPLC-MS/MS.最后,将优化后的测定方法用于分析北京市12家污水处理厂的进、出水样,验证了方法的可靠性,为违禁药物的污水流行病学研究和环境风险评价奠定了基础.
|
| [52] |
Concentrations of ketamine and norketamine in the water environment in Beijing. 北京水环境中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的浓度水平 . |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |