基于行为视角的北京城市交通空间结构

doi:10.11821/dlxb201512011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从行为的视角研究城市交通空间结构已成为地理学和交通规划关注的热点问题,但却面临微观研究的偶然性和典型性等局限,难以对城市交通空间结构进行全面的解析。本文提出了利用交通行为区来反映居民交通行为与地理环境耦合关系的思路,为解决城市微观研究中的不确定性问题提供了视角,同时建立起从典型抽样到面域覆盖的评价方法。本文假设居民的交通行为随着空间尺度的变动存在着逐步收敛的规律性。在此假设下,在北京市外围永泰居住区进行了出行调研实验,证实了居民出行行为的这一规律性,并得出居住小区的二手房价、建成年代、规划特征、公共交通服务水平等环境变量成为行为区划分的关键指标。在此基础上,以北京市城六区范围内搜集的居住小区为基本单元,参照环境变量的空间聚类结果,划分了5种典型的行为区类型,分别是：高档别墅区,中档建成区,历史中心区,高档高密度区,成熟完善区。5种行为区内主导的居民群体、居民的出行模式均具有明显的差异性。交通行为区的划分方法对于精细化研究城市交通空间结构具有重要意义,例如交通资源的差异化配置,低碳交通空间结构研究等。

关键词: 行为区, 出行行为, 实体环境, 城市交通, 北京

Abstract:

It is commonly agreed that the preference or behavior of people ought to be examined within specific geographical contexts. Because of the existence of uncertain geographic context problem, the way for defining the areal unit of geographic context may significantly affect the behavioral pattern. It is thus essential to select an appropriate spatial scale for analyzing the characteristics of transportation activities in cities. The concept of behavior zone (BZ) is proposed based on homogeneous assumption of behaviors to analyze an area-based pattern of people's travel behaviors in the whole city. Behavior zone is identified through spatial analysis of residents' daily travel behaviors with respect to the environments. With a daily travel survey conducted in Beijing's sample residential areas, the critical indices for identifying different types of behavior zones are revealed, including second-hand housing price, development intensity, population density, accessibility to public transportation. With these indices, the residential areas all over the central districts of Beijing are clustered by five representative behavior zone types: luxury villa, suburban, traditional, high-density, and mature areas. The population characters and behavior features, such as dominant income groups, average commuting distance, and share of commuting travel mode, differed obviously from community to community. These results provide great implications for fine transportation resources allocation since behavior zones are areas where the modal choice behaviors of inhabitants are projected. Besides, behavior zones are critically important to data transformation in terms of their area-based features.

Key words: behavior zone, travel behaviors, geographic context, urban transportation, Beijing

季珏, 高晓路. 基于行为视角的北京城市交通空间结构[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(12): 2001-2010.

Jue JI, Xiaolu GAO. Study on urban transportation structure based on residents' travel behaviors in Beijing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12): 2001-2010.

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出行频率 (次/天)	交通方式占比
出行频率 (次/天)	步行(%)	自行车(%)	公交车(%)
4	10.3	3.4	0.0
3	38.2	17.2	0.0
2	47.1	72.4	0.0
1及以下	4.4	6.9	100.0
合计	100.0	100.0	100.0

环境变量	指标	备注	平均值	最小值	最大值	比例(%)
二手房价	平均房价(元/m²)	2012年7月	30365	7825	63230
开发特征	FAR		2.9	0.2	30
	物业管理费(元/m²)		2.0	0	20
	房龄(年)	2012年为止	13	1	63
公共交通服务	800 m范围内公交站点数		5.7	0	39
公共交通服务	1 km内地铁站点数		1.5	0	10
居住类型	传统历史居住区	胡同、四合院等老城区住房				4.6
	单位大院	原职住一体化的小区				2.6
	普通商品房	约1990年后建造的住房				90.4
	公共政策房	改善中低收入者住房问题的公共住房				0.5
	别墅等	高档别墅				1.9

类别	房屋主导类型	小区比例(%)	800 m内公交站点个数	1 km内地铁站点数	FAR	物业管理费(元/m²·月)	二手房价(万元/m²)	建成时间 (年)
高档别墅BZ	高档别墅	2.4	7.9	0.4	0.8	3.7	3.6	8.1
中档建成区BZ	商品房	37.5	6.9	0.2	1.0	0.9	2.4	13.0
历史中心BZ	胡同、四合院	5.4	25.6	1.8	0.6	0.2	4.9	14.7
高档高密度BZ	商品房	21.9	17.7	0.7	3.7	3.2	3.2	9.6
成熟完善BZ	商品房	32.8	20.9	1.2	1.0	0.5	3.2	17.3

家庭收入 (元/月)	高档别墅BZ	城市外围BZ	历史中心区BZ	高档高密度BZ	成熟完善BZ
≤ 3000	0.00	17.86	82.27	27.53	54.14
3000~7000	12.00	53.64	16.57	54.08	38.36
7000~10000	52.00	13.25	0.00	12.25	6.16
>10000	36.00	15.23	1.18	6.12	1.37
合计	100	100	100	100	100

交通方式	高档别墅BZ	中档建成区BZ	历史中心区BZ	高档高密度BZ	成熟完善BZ	平均值
步行	3.0	11.7	7.8	12.1	16.6	13
自行车	1.0	9.7	30.2	21.0	21.5	17
地铁	10.0	16.8	4.0	10.2	9.4	12
小汽车	80.0	29.3	5.1	15.4	10.8	20
公共汽车	5.0	30.3	47.0	38.3	38.2	35
其他	1.0	2.2	5.9	3.1	3.6	3